BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (HONS) / PharmD

BACHELOR OF PHARMACY (HONS) / PharmD

A Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) is a professional doctor degree in Pharmacy. In some countries, it is a first professional degree, and a prerequisite for licensing to exercise the profession of Pharmacist. Pharm.D. curriculum prepares student pharmacists to provide pharmaceutical care to patients. This program requires four-years of pharmacy studies.

Course Structure:

A 4-year (8 semesters) Pharmacy undergraduate programme has been designed including topics of recent trends in this field. The principal objectives of this curriculum are:
1) To impart scientific knowledge for the identification, formulations, preparation, standardization, quality control and uses of drugs and medicines and effective management of their distribution and sale.
2) To produce a skilled manpower to manage the affairs of hospital pharmacies, pharmaceutical industries, community pharmacy services, drug administration and other organizations in drug research, marketing, sales and administration.
3) To encourage research on different fields of pharmacy so as to develop newer techniques of formulation, quality control and standardization of drugs.


The core courses of the curriculum consist of the following subjects:

1. Pharmaceutics includes Pharmaceutical Technology, Industrial Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hospital Pharmacy, Dispensing, Pharmaceutical Marketing and Sale, Management, Pharmacy law and Administration, Physical Pharmaceutics, Dosage Form Design, Pharmaceutical Engineering, Cosmetology and Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics.
2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry includes both Inorganic and Organic chemistry, Physical chemistry, synthetic and natural medicinal products, Pharmaceutical analysis and quality control.
3. Pharmacology includes General Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacy, Community Pharmacy, Drug Interaction and Toxicology.
4. Pharmacognosy includes various aspects of natural crude drugs and other economic products of pharmaceutical importance, Traditional Medicine and Forensic Pharmacy.
5. Physiology & Pathology are considered as the basis of the Pharmacology course given in advance years of study.
6. Mathematics and Biostatistics are required for pharmaceutical calculations of formulation and statistical analysis and interpretation of biological studies and experimental results.
7. Computer course is included for understanding practical uses of computers in health services, research, manufacturing and quality assurance activities.

The total credit requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours) are 164. Out of these 18 credits are on general educations, which is compulsory as per requirement of the BRAC University. The departmental core courses account for 140 credits (theoretical, practical, Pharmacy internship and thesis /project). In addition a student may have to undertake a few courses (not exceeding 6 credits in total) from outside the major specialization as per the University rules.

Courses for the Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours)

1. General Education (18 Credits)

MAT 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics 3.0
DEV 101 Bangladesh Studies 3.0
ENG 091 Foundation Course Non Credit
ENG 101 English Fundamentals 3.0
ENG 102 Composition 1 3.0
CSE 101 Introduction to computer Science 3.0
HUM 103 Ethics and Culture 3.0

2. Departmental Core Courses (140 Credits) 

Theoretical
PHR 101 Inorganic Pharmacy-I 3.0
PHR 102 Organic Pharmacy 3.0
PHR 103 Pharmacognosy-I 3.0
PHR 107 Inorganic Pharmacy-II 3.0
PHR 108 Physical Pharmacy-I 3.0
PHR 109 Physiology-I 3.0
PHR 110 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I 3.0
PHR 111 Basic Anatomy 2.0
PHR 112 Oral Assessment-I 1.0
PHR 201PHR 202 Physical Pharmacy-IIBiochemistry and Molecular Biology 3.03.0
PHR 203 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-II 3.0
PHR 204 Physiology-II 3.0
PHR 205 Pharmacognosy-II 3.0
PHR 210 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I 3.0
PHR 211 Biostatistics 3.0
PHR 212 Pharmaceutical Technology-I 3.0
PHR 213 Pharmacology-I 3.0
PHR 214 Pathology 2.0
PHR 215 Oral Assessment-II 1.0
PHR 301 Medicinal Chemistry-I 3.0
PHR 302 Pharmacology-II 3.0
PHR 303 Pharmaceutical Technology-II 3.0
PHR 304 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I 3.0
PHR 305 Pharmaceutical Marketing 3.0
PHR 310 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II 3.0
PHR 311 Medicinal Chemistry-II 3.0
PHR 312 Pharmaceutical Engineering 3.0
PHR 313 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-II 3.0
PHR 314 Pharmaceutical Management 2.0
PHR 315 Oral Assessment-III 1.0
PHR 401 Medical Chemistry-III 3.0
PHR 402 Pharmaceutical Technology-III 3.0
PHR 403 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 3.0
PHR 404 Cosmetology 3.0
PHR 405 Chemical Pharmacy 2.0
PHR 406 Industrial Training 1.0
PHR 410 Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis 3.0
PHR 411 Pharmacology-III 3.0
PHR 412 Hospital and Community Pharmacy 3.0
PHR 413 Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs 3.0
PHR 414 Thesis of Project 2.0
PHR 415 Oral Assessment-IV 1.0

Lab

PHR 104 Inorganic Pharmacy-I Lab 1.0
PHR 105 Organic Pharmacy Lab 1.0
PHR 106PHR 113 PHR 114PHR 115PHR116 Pharmacognosy-I Lab Inorganic Pharmacy-II Lab Physical Pharmacy-I LabPhysiology-I LabPharmaceutical Microbiology -I Lab 1.01.01.01.01.0
PHR 206 Physical Pharmacy-II Lab 1.0
PHR 207 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Lab 1.0
PHR 208 Physiology-II Lab 1.0
PHR 209 Pharmacognosy-II Lab 1.0
PHR 216PHR 217 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I Lab Biostatistics Lab 1.01.0
PHR 218 Pharmaceutical Technology-I Lab 1.0
PHR 219 Pharmacology-I Lab 1.0
PHR 306 Medical Chemistry-I Lab 1.0
PHR 307 Pharmacology-II Lab 1.0
PHR 308PHR 309 Pharmaceutical Technology-II Lab Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I Lab 1.01.0
PHR 316PHR 317PHR 318 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II LabMedical Chemistry-II LabBiopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-II Lab 1.01.01.0
PHR 407 Medical Chemistry -III Lab 1.0
PHR 408PHR 409 PHR 416 Pharmaceutical Technology-III Lab Cosmetology LabPharmacology-III Lab 1.01.01.0

3. Elective Courses outside major (6 credits)BTE 401 Bioinformatics 3.0
ECO 103 Principles of Economics 3.0
HUM 101 World Civilization and Culture 3.0
HUM 102 Introduction to Philosophy 3.0
HUM 111 History of Science 3.0
SOC 401 Gender and Development 3.0


Semester wise Distribution of Courses for the Degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours)


THEORY & PRACTICAL COURSES


FIRST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER MAT 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics Credit 3
ENG 091 Foundation course Non credit
ENG 101 English Fundamentals Credit 3
CSE 101 Introduction to Computer Science Credit 3
PHR 101 Inorganic Pharmacy-I Credit 3
PHR 104 Inorganic Pharmacy-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 102 Organic Pharmacy Credit 3
PHR 105 Organic Pharmacy-Lab Credit 1
PHR 103 Pharmacognosy-I Credit 3
PHR 106 Pharmacognosy-I-Lab Credit 1
TOTAL Credit 21



FIRST YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER ENG 102 Composition 1 Credit 3
PHR 107 Inorganic Pharmacy-II Credit 3
PHR 113 Inorganic Pharmacy-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 108 Physical Pharmacy-I Credit 3
PHR 114 Physical Pharmacy-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 109 Physiology-I Credit 3
PHR 115 Physiology-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 110 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I Credit 3
PHR 116 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 111 Basic Anatomy Credit 2
PHR 112 Oral Assessment-I Credit 1
TOTAL Credit 22


SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER PHR 201 Physical Pharmacy-II Credit 3
PHR 206 Physical Pharmacy-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 202 Biochemistry and Molecular biology Credit 3
PHR 207 Biochemistry and Molecular biology-Lab Credit 1
PHR 203 Pharmaceutical Microbiology -II Credit 3
PHR 204 Physiology-II Credit 3
PHR 208 Physiology-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 205 Pharmacognosy-II Credit 3
PHR 209 Pharmacognosy-II Lab Credit 1
Elective Course-I Credit 3
TOTAL Credit 22


SECOND YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER 
DEV 101 PHR 210 Bangladesh Studies Pharmaceutical Analysis -I Credit 3 Credit 3
PHR 216 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 211 Biostatistics Credit 3
PHR 217 Biostatistics Lab Credit 1
PHR 212 Pharmaceutical Technology-I Credit 3
PHR 218 Pharmaceutical Technology-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 213 Pharmacology-I Credit 3
PHR 219 Pharmacology-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 214 Pathology Credit 2
PHR 215 Oral Assessment-II
TOTAL Credit 1 Credit 22

THIRD YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER HUM 103PHR 301 Ethics and Culture Medicinal Chemistry -I Credit 3Credit 3
PHR 306 Medicinal Chemistry-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 302 Pharmacology-II Credit 3
PHR 307 Pharmacology-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 303 Pharmaceutical Technology-II Credit 3
PHR 308 Pharmaceutical Technology-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 304 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I Credit 3
PHR 309 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I-Lab Credit 1
PHR 305 Pharmaceutical Marketing Credit 3
TOTAL Credit 22



THIRD YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER PHR 310 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II Credit 3
PHR 316 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 311 Medicinal Chemistry-II Credit 3
PHR 317 Medicinal Chemistry-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 312 Pharmaceutical Engineering Credit 3
PHR 313 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-II Credit 3
PHR 318 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetic-II-Lab Credit 1
PHR 314 Pharmaceutical Management Credit 2
PHR 315 Oral Assessment-III Credit 1
Elective Course-II Credit 3
TOTAL Credit 21

FOURTH YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER 

PHR 401 Medicinal Chemistry-III Credit 3
PHR 407 Medicinal Chemistry-III-Lab Credit 1
PHR 402 Pharmaceutical Technology-III Credit 3
PHR 408 Pharmaceutical Technology-III-Lab Credit 1
PHR 403 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Credit 3
PHR 404 Cosmetology Credit 3
PHR 409 Cosmetology-Lab Credit 1
PHR 405 Clinical Pharmacy Credit 2
PHR 406 Industrial Training Credit 1
TOTAL Credit 18



FOURTH YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER PHR 410 Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis Credit 3
PHR 411 Pharmacology-III Credit 3
PHR 416 Pharmacology-III-Lab Credit 1
PHR 412 Hospital and community pharmacy Credit 3
PHR 413 Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Credit 3
PHR 414 Thesis or Project Credit 2
PHR 415 Oral Assessment-IV Credit 1
TOTAL Credit 16

Total Credits in eight semesters/four years
First Year = 43.0
Second Year = 44.0
Third Year = 43.0
Fourth Year = 34.0Total = 164 Credits



Academic System & Evaluation Method

a. Academic Standards

In keeping with the mission and goals in mind, the Undergraduate programme in Pharmacy will strive to ensure high academic standards by implementing well-designed curricula, carefully selecting high quality students and faculty, utilizing modern and effective instructional methods and aides, and by continuously monitoring and rigorously evaluating all the pertinent activities and systems. A special feature of teaching will be the tutorial/ lab/ workshop sessions designed to assist students in learning application of the concepts and theories.

b. Courses and Credit Requirements

The Bachelor of Pharmacy (Honours) programme will follow the model of higher education consisting of semesters, courses, credit hours, continuous evaluation and letter grading as in all other courses of BRAC University. There are two regular semesters: Fall and Spring, each with a duration of 14 weeks and a Summer semester of 9 weeks. The undergraduate curriculum consists of general education courses, major courses, elective courses and non-major area courses.

Credit hours for a course are assigned on the basis of a 14  week semester. One (1) credit hour means that the course meets for 60 minutes in a class each week; 3 credits mean that it will meet three times every week.

c. Examination, Evaluation and Grading

The grading process will undoubtedly be transparent. The performance of the students is evaluated throughout the semester through class tests, quizzes, assignments, and midterm exams. End of semester evaluation includes final examinations, term papers, project reports etc. Numerical scores earned by a student in tests, examinations, assignments etc. are cumulated and converted to letter grades.

d. Distribution of Marks & GPA Computation
The distribution of marks for the performance evaluation is as follows:

i. Theory Courses
Section Marks %
1. Quizzes/ Class Tests/ Assignments/ Participation/ Attendance 30
2. Mid Term Examination 20
3. Final Examination (comprehensive), Projects 50
Total Marks 100

ii. Lab Courses

Section Marks %
1. Reports/ Class Tests/ Participation / Viva-Voce 30
2. Lab Experiments 30
3. Final Examination 40
Total Marks 100

iii. Thesis / Project

Thesis / Project work will be spread over two semesters (7th & 8th). The mark distribution for the Thesis / Project will be as follows:

Section Marks%
1. Viva-Voce (End of the 7th semester) 15
2. Thesis / Project Work 45
3. Defence (End of 8th semester) 40
Total Marks 100

Class attendance is compulsory for every student. 5% of total marks in every course is allocated for attendance in classes including tutorials and labs. The basis for awarding marks for attendance is as follows:

Attendance Marks
90% and above 5
85% to less than 90% 4
80% to less than 85% 3
75% to less than 80% 2
70% to less than 75% 1
Less than 70% 0

If a student does not attend a minimum of 70% of the total classes including tutorials and labs, s/he will not be allowed to take the final exam.

Marks earned by the students in Class Tests, Quizzes, Assignments, Participation, Attendance, Midterm Exam, Final Exam, Projects, Term Papers etc are to be cumulated and the total is to be graded as per the scale given below:

Letter Grade GP
90 - 100 = A (4.0) Excellent
85 - < 90 = A- (3.7)
80 - < 85 = B+ (3.3)
75 - < 80 = B (3.0) Good
70 - < 75 = B- (2.7)
65 - < 70 = C+ (2.3)
60 - < 65 = C (2.0) Fair
57 - < 60 = C- (1.7)
55 - < 57 = D+ (1.3)
52 - < 55 = D (1.0) Poor
50 - < 52 = D- (0.7)
<50 = F (0.0) Failure

P: Pass
I: Incomplete
W: Withdrawal
R: Retaken

GPA Computation
The Grade Point Average (GPA) is computed in the following manner:
GPA = Sum of (Grade points x Credits)/ Sum of Credits Attempted

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Syllabus in Details
General Education (18 Credits)

MAT 101 Fundamentals of Mathematics 3 credits
Basic techniques of algebra, analytical geometry, graphing, and trigonometry.

DEV 101 Bangladesh Studies 3 credits
Socio-economic profile of Bangladesh, agriculture, industry, service sector, demographic patterns, social aid and physical infrastructures. Social stratification and power, power structures, government and NGO activities in socio-economic development, national issues and policies and changing society of Bangladesh.
Suggested Readings
1. Bangladesh: National Cultures and Heritage: An Introductory Reader: A.F. Salahuddin Ahmed & Bazlul Mobin Chowdhury
2. The History of Bengal (Vol.1 &Vol.2) : R.C. Majumdar
3. Banglapedia, 2003: Asiatic Society of Bangladesh
4. Bangladesh Arthaniti: Khan, Md. Shamsul Kabir
5. Bangladesh on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, 2002: A.M Chowdhury and Fakrul Alam
6. Poverty Reduction & Strategy: What, Why & for Whom in Asit Biswas et.al.(ed) Contemporary Issues in Development : M.M Akash
7. Bangladesh 2020: A long-run perspectives study: The World Bank

ENG 091 Foundation Course (non-credit)
The English Foundation Course is designed to enable students to develop their competence in reading, writing, speaking, listening and grammar for academic purposes. The students will be encouraged to acquire skills and strategies for using language appropriately and effectively in various situations. The approach at all times will be communicative and interactive involving individual, pair and group work.
Suggested Readings

1. J. C. Richards, J. Hull, and S. Proctor, "New Interchange: Student 's Book 3-A", Cambridge University Press, 2002
2. J. Nadel, B. Johnson, and P. Langan, "Vocabulary Basics", Townsend Press, 1998.
3. Hogue, "First steps in Academic Writing", Longman, 1996
4. K. Blanchard, C. Root, "Get Ready to Write", Longman, 1998.

ENG 101 English Fundamentals 3 credits
Developing basic writing skills: mechanics, spelling, syntax, usage, grammar review, sentence and essay writing.

Suggested Reading
1. Fundamentals of English: Jack C. Richards

ENG 102 Composition I 3 credits
The main focus of this course is writing. The course attempts to enhance students writing abilities through diverse writing skills and techniques. Students will be introduced to aspects of expository writing: personalized/ subjective and analytical/persuasive. In the first category, students will write essays expressing their subjective viewpoints. In the second category students will analyze issues objectively, sticking firmly to factual details. This course seeks also to develop students analytical abilities so that they are able to produce works that are critical and thought provoking.

Suggested Reading
1. Composition I: The Pearl; John Steinbeck

CSE 101 Introduction to Computer Science 3 credits
Introduction to the use of computer hardware and software as tools for solving problems. Automated input devices and output methods (including pre-printed stationery and turnaround documents) as part of the solution. Using personal computers as effective problem solving tools for the present and the future. Theory behind solving problems using common application software including word processing, spreadsheets, database management, and electronic communications. Problem solving using the Internet and the World Wide Web. Programming principles and use of macros to support the understanding of application software. The course includes a compulsory 3 hour laboratory work each week.

Suggested Readings
1. Computer Science  A modern introduction: Goldschlager and Lister
2. Fundamentals of Computers: V Rajaraman
3. Work Out Computer Studies GCSE (Macmillan Work Out S.): Graham Taylor

HUM 103 Ethics and Culture 3 credits
This course introduces the students to principles and concepts of ethics and their application to our personal life. It establishes a basic understanding of social responsibility, relationship with social and cultural aspects, and eventually requires each student to develop a framework for making ethical decision in his work. Students learn a systematic approach to moral reasoning. It focuses on problems associated with moral conflicts, justice, the relationship between rightness and goodness, objective vs. subjective, moral judgment, moral truth and relativism. It also examines personal ethical perspectives as well as social cultural norms and values in relation to their use in our society. Topics include: truth telling and fairness, objectivity vs. subjectivity, privacy, confidentiality, bias, economic pressures and social responsibility, controversial and morally offensive content, exploitation, manipulation, special considerations (i.e. juveniles, courts) and professional and ethical work issues and decisions. On conclusion of the course, the students will be able to identify and discuss professional and ethical concerns, use moral reasoning skills to examine, analyze and resolve ethical dilemmas and distinguish differences and similarities among legal, ethical and moral perspectives.

Suggested Readings
1. Ethics, Culture and Psychiatry - International Perspectives: Ahmed Okasha, Julio Arboleda
2. Ethics and HRD: A New Approach to Leading Responsible Organizations: Tim Hatcher
3. The Ethical Challenge: How to Lead with Unyielding Integrity: Noel M. Tichy and Andrew R.
4. Dignity of Difference: How to Avoid the Clash of Civilizations: Jonathan Sacks
5. Culture and Ethics: Michel Labour, Charles Juwah, Nancy White and Sarah Tolley
6. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress: Samuel P. Huntington




Departmental Core Courses (140 Credits) 


FIRST YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER

PHR 101 Inorganic Pharmacy-I Credit 3 
1. Structure of atoms: Basic concepts of atomic structure, fundamental particles, classical atomic models and their limitations, quantum numbers and their significance, origin of spectral lines, origin of hydrogen spectrum, Paulis exclusion principle, Aufboue principles, electronic configuration of atoms.
2. Chemical bonds: Electronic concept of valency, different types of chemical bonds e.g. ionic, covalent, co-ordinate covalent, metallic, dipole, hydrogen bond etc., bond length, bond angle and bond energy, shapes of molecules.
3. Classification of elements: Modern periodic table and periodic law, variation of properties within periods and groups, usefulness and limitations of periodic table.
4. Chemistry of alkali and alkaline earth metals: General characteristics of alkali and alkaline earth metals, chemistry of group IA & II elements and their compounds, comparison of alkaline earth metals with alkali metals, physiological importance and pharmaceutical applications of alkali and alkaline earth metals.
5. Chemistry of co-ordination compounds: Ligands or coordinating groups, monodentate or unidentate ligands, polydentate ligands, co-ordination number, co-ordination sphere, chelation, factors affecting the stability of metal complexes, application of chelate formation, isomerism of co-ordination compounds, Warner's co-ordination theory, Sidgwicks electronic concept of co-ordinate bond in co-ordination compounds, valence bond theory, pharmaceutical importance of chelation.
6. Chemical Impurities: The occurrence of impurities in medicinal chemicals and substance used in pharmacy, principles underlining qualitative and quantitative analysis and test for purity.
7. Inert or noble gases: Source, electronic configuration and inertness, isolation of inert gases from dry air (chemical method) and liquid air (physical method), physical & chemical properties and uses of noble gases, conditions and types of compounds formed by inert gases.
8. Medicinal gases: Official medical gases and their properties, uses, container and fittings, handling and storages.Recommended books:1. Modern Inorganic Chemistry - S. Z. Haider2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry - Madan3. Inorganic Chemistry - Lee4. Bentley and Drivers Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry5. Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry - Discher6. Textbook of Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry  Rogers7. Inorganic Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Block & Wilson 

PHR 104 Inorganic Pharmacy-I-Lab Credit 1 
Qualitative analysis of inorganic ions and radicals:Na+, K+, Ca+, Al+3, Mg+2, Fe+2, Mn+, Ag+, Cu+, Cu+2, Co-, Br-, I- and Co3-, So4-2, NO3-, PO4- etc. 

PHR 102 Organic Pharmacy Credit 3
1. Introduction: History of organic chemistry, classification of organic compounds, systematic naming of organic compounds, electro negativity, polarity of bonds, polarity of molecules, structures and physical properties, intermolecular forces, carbonium ions, carbanion ions, electrophiles, nucleophiles, free radicals, hydrogen bonding, melting point, boiling point, solubility etc.
2. Chemistry of aliphatic compounds
(a) Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
(b) Aldehydes and ketones: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
(c) Alcohols, ethers and epoxides: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
(d) Carboxylic acids: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
(e) Amines: Properties, nomenclature, preparations, identifications, reactions and pharmaceutical applications.
3. Chemistry of aromatic compounds: Aromaticity, general chemistry of aromatic compounds, with special reference to biological and pharmaceutical importance.
a) Simple aromatic compoundsb) Aromatic halogen compoundsc) Aromatic nitro compoundsd) Aromatic amino compoundse) Diazonium salts and their related compoundsf) Sulphonic acidsg) Phenolsh) Alcohols, aldehydes, ktones and quininesi) Aromatic acidsBooks Recommended:1. Organic Chemistry- Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd, 6t" edition, Prentice- Hall of India, Private Limited.2. A Textbook of Organic Chemistry- Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl, 15"' edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd.3. Organic Chemistry, vol. I & 11- 1. L. Final, 5th edition, Long man, London.4. Organic Chemistry- Louis Felser and Mary Feiser, 3)'d edition, Asia Publishing House, India.5. Advanced Organic Chemistry- B. S. Bahl and Arub Bahl, I" (reprint 2005), S. Chand & Company Ltd.6. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques- d Donald L, Pavia, Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz, Randall G. Engel, 2" edition, Thomson Brooks Cole.7. Advanced Organic Chemistry- Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure, Jerry March, 4'11 edition, John Willey & Sons.8. A Text Book of Organic Chemistry- Raj K. Barisal, 3'd edition, New Age International (P) Limited.
PHR 105 Organic Pharmacy-Lab Credit 1
1. Qualitative analysis of organic salts.2. Determination of functional groups like COOH, -NH2, -SO3H, -OH group in various drug samples.

PHR 103 Pharmacognosy-I Credit 3 
1. Definition and scope of Pharmacognosy, its historical development.
2. Structures of the plant cell as a unit, its function and form; Introduction to the general structure of the morphological parts of the plants.
3. Crude drugs: A general view of their origin, distribution, cultivation, collection, drying and storage, commerce and quality control.; Classification of drugs; Preparation of drugs for commercial market; Evaluation of crude drugs; Drug adulteration.
4. Plant analysis: Extraction, separation, chromatography; types of plant constituents, comparative phytochemistry and chemotoxicity.
5. Phytochemistry and pharmaceutical uses of the following plant constituents along with consideration of some important drugs of each group:(A). Lipids: Castor oil, Linseed oil, Coconut oil, Olive oil, Peanut oil, Chaulmoogra oil and beeswax. (B). Carbohydrate and related compounds: Sugars and sugar containing drugs- sucrose, dextrose, glucose, fructose etc. (C). Polysaccharide containing drugs- starches, dextrins etc. (D). Gums and mucilages- tragacanth, acacia, sterculia, sodium alginate, agar cellulose.
6. Plants in complimentary and traditional systems of medicine: Introduction, different types of alternative systems of treatments (eg. Ayurvedic, Unani, Homeopathic medicine.), contribution of traditional drugs to modern medicines. Details of some common indigenous traditional drugs: Punarnava, Vashaka, Anantamul, Arjuna, Chirata, Picrorhiga, Kalomegh, Amla, Asoka, Bahera, Haritaki, Tulsi,Neem, Betel nut, Joan,Karela, Shajna, Carrot, Bael, Garlic, Jam and Madar.
7. Vitamins and vitamin containing few selected animal drugs: Cod liver oil, Shark liver oil, Hilsha fish/liver oil etc.

PHR 106 Pharmacognosy-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Study of some medicinal plants of Bangladesh:  Study of morphological characteristics e.g. flowers, fruits, leaves, petals, stamens, etc. Literature survey of medicinal plants according to family. Preparation of spray reagents for phytochemical study. Drying and extraction techniques of plant samples.2. Study of some unorganised drugs: a. General tests for carbohydrates. b. Preparation and extraction of starches and related products. c. Examination of gums: Acacia, tragacanth, sterculia, agar and alginates.3. Examination of fibers and surgical dressings.FIRST YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER

PHR 107 Inorganic Pharmacy-II Credit 3 
1. Inorganic medicinal agents:
Gastrointestinal agents: Classification of inorganic gastrointestinal agents, systemic and non-systemic antacids, preparation and application of antacids, preparation and application of adsorbents and saline cathartics or laxatives.
Agents for bone and bone growth: Calcium preparations.
Haematinic agents: Iron and iron preparations.
Dental preparations: Dental plaque and antiplaque agents, dental caries, fluorides and other anticaries agents (preparation and application), dentifrices.
Topical agents: Classification of topical agents, preparations and applications of different antimicrobial, astringent and protective agents.
2. Major intra & extra-cellular electrolytes: Major physiological Ions, electrolytes used for replacement therapy, electrolytes used in acid-base therapy, electrolytes combination therapy etc.
3. Essential trace elements: Essential trace elements and their preparations (Cu, Zn, Mn, S, I, Cr, Se, Co, Ni, etc.), applications of essential trace elements in pharmaceutical sciences.
4. Radioactivity and radiopharmaceuticals: Introduction, types of radiation and their properties, radioactive decay, half-life, average life, modes of radioactive decay, interaction of radiation with matter, measurement of radioactivity, radiation hazard and radiological safety, biological effects of radiation, control of radiation exposure, storage of radioactive materials, medical applications of radionuclides, official radioactive compounds and their importance, toxicity of radioactive isotopes.Books Recommended:1. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- S. Z. Haider, 1994, Friends International.2. Modern Inorganic Chemistry- Madan, I"t (reprint 1997), S. Chand & Company Ltd.3. Introduction to Modern Inorganic Chemistry- J. D Lee, 5th edition, Blackwells.4. Bentley and Driver's Textbook of Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Bently, Arthur Owen, 8'1' edition, Oxford University Press.5. Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Clarence A. Discher, Leonard C. Bailey, Thomas Medwick, 2nd edition, Waveland Pr Inc.6. Rogers Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Rogers, Charles Herbert, Taito 0. Some and Charles 0. Wilson, 7'11 edition, Philadelphia, Lea & Febiger.7. Inorganic Medicinal & Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Block, John H., Roche, Edward B., Some, Taito 0, Wilson, Charles 0., 1974, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia. 

PHR 103 Inorganic Pharmacy-II-Lab Credit 1 
1. Identification of inorganic ions from pharmaceutical formulations:Ca+2, Fe+2, Al+3, Mg+2, K+ and Na+ ions from supplied preparations.2. Conversion of different water insoluble or sparingly soluble drugs into water soluble form:a. Na/K-salicylate from salicylic acid. b. Na/K-benzoate from benzoic acid.c. Na/K-citrate from citric acid.3. Preparation of inorganic drugs:a. Preparation of aluminium hydroxide gel.b. Preparation of magnesium hydroxide. c. Preparation of haematinics: ferrous chloride, ferrous gluconate and ferrous fumerate. 

PHR 108 Physical Pharmacy-I Credit 3 
1. Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action, determination of equilibrium constant, heterogeneous equilibrium and homogeneous equilibrium, the Le Chartelier principle, Vant Hoff equation.
2. Chemical thermodynamics: Introduction, the first law of thermodynamics, work, energy and heat, work of expansion, internal energy, determination of internal energy, heat change at constant volume and constant pressure, thermodynamic reversibility, work of isothermal reversible expansion of gases, the maximum work under the isothermal expansion of a gas, heat capacities, difference between molar heats, Adiabatic processes, Joule- Thomson experiment.
Thermo chemistry and thermo chemical law: Second law of thermodynamics, Carnots cycle and efficiency of a perfect engine, the concept of entropy and entropy changes for an ideal gas expansion, entropy changes of materials under various conditions, free energy and work functions, Gibbs Helmholtz equation, free energy changes under equilibrium, the Clausius-Claperon equation.
3. Phase equilibria: Phase, components and degree of freedom, the phase rules and its thermodynamic deviation, the phase diagrams of water and sulphur systems, partially miscible liquid pairs: the phenol and water, nicotine water system; Completely miscible liquid pairs and their separation by fractional distillation; freeze drying (lyophilization).
4. Solution: Types and properties of solution; units of concentration; ideal and real solution; Henrys law; distribution of solids between two immiscible liquids; distribution law; partition coefficient; solvent extraction.
5. Solution of electrolytes: Concentration expressions, equivalent weights, Colligative properties of dilute solution, Osmotic pressure, measurement of osmotic pressure, Vant Hoff and Morse equations for osmotic pressure, Coefficients for expressing Colligative properties.
6. Ionic equilibria: Modern theories of acids, bases and salts, acid-base Equilibria, Sorensens pH scale, Species concentration as s function of pH, calculation of pH, acidity constants,
7. Buffer and isotonic solutions: Buffer equations, Buffer capacity, Buffer in Pharmaceutic and Biologic systems, Buffered isotonic solutions, methods of adjusting tonicity and pH.Books Recommended:1. Principle of Physical Chemistry- M. Mahbubul Haque & M. Ali Nawab, 2"d edition, Student Publication,2. Physical Pharmacy- Alfred N. Mar-tin, Pilar Bustamonte, 4"' edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.3. Glasstone Samuel and Lewis David, 1966,4. Elements of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan5. Physical Chemistry- P. W. Atkins, Peter Atkins, Julio De Paula, 7t" edition, W. H Freeman & Company.6. Essentials of Physical Chemistry- B. S. Bahl, G. D. Tuli and Arun Bahl, 24t" edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd.7. Quantitative analysis- V. Alexeyev, 2nd edition, CBS Publishers.8. Physicochernical Principles of Pharmacy- A. T. Florence and D. Attwood, 2 d edition, Macmillan. 

PHR 114 Physical Pharmacy-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Preparation of solutions of different pH values.2. Preparation of buffers.3. Standardization of acids & bases.4. Determination of pKa and pKb values.5. Determination of phase diagram of binary systems.6. Calorimetric determination of heat of solution of different salts.7. Determination of titration curves of acids & bases.8. Determination of molecular weight of substances by Victor Meyers method.9. Determination of distribution coefficients of oxalic acid between ether and water.10. Experiment on dialysis. 

PHR 109 Physiology-I Credit 3 
1. General physiologyPhysiology and its scope in pharmacy. Structure of cell, its various organelles and functions, cell division, body fluid compartments and its composition, transport across cell membrane and membrane potentials, homeostasis.
2. Blood systemComposition and functions of blood. Plasma and its components, plasma proteins and their functions. Blood coagulation, blood transfusion and blood groups, hemolysis, ESR. Blood forming cells- characteristics, functions, their formation and destruction. Hemoglobin- its structure, properties, function and hemoglobin derivatives. Anemia- definition and classification, causes and clinical features of various anemia.
3. Cardiovascular systemHeart- Structure and blood circulation. Cardiac muscle, their properties, origin of heart beat and action potential. Cardiac cycle, Heart sounds, cardiac output, ECG, Regulation of cardiac function. Blood pressure- types, significance, measurement and regulation. Hypertension-types and causes.
4. Digestive systemStructure of different parts of alimentary system, gastrointestinal motility and its control, swallowing and defecation. Secretion of digestive juices from saliva, gastric, pancreatic, intestinal glands and bile. Functions of digestive juices and their mechanism and regulation of secretions. Digestion and absorption of various foodstuffs. Liver- its function, formation of bile and its circulation.
5. Respiratory system Organs of respiratory system and its structure. Inspiration and expiration, mechanism of respiration, pulmonary ventilation, ventilation volumes. Gaseous exchange through lungs, carriage of O2 and CO2. Hypoxia- causes and classification.Books Recommended:1. Human Physiology (vol. I & IT)- Chandi Charan Chatterjee, I 11h edition, Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta.2. A Text Book of Medical Physiology- Arther C. Guyton, 10"' edition, W. B. Sander's Company, Philadelphia 2nd edition, Appleton & Lange3. Review of Medical Physiology- W. F. Ganong, 22 1 1 Medical Publication.4. A Text Book of Practical Physiology- C.L. Ghai, South Asia Books.5. Gray's Anatomy- Spalding Gray, (International students edition), published by Churchill Livingstone. 

PHR 115 Physiology-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Study of compound microscope.2. Microscopically study of blood cells: R.B.C., W.B.C., and platelets.3. Estimation of Hemoglobin. 4. Total count of R.B.C.5. Total count of W. B.C.6. Differential count of W.B.C.7. Determination of clotting and bleeding time.8. Examination of clot under the microscope. 9. Effect of chemical agents on R.B.C. 10. Fragility test of R. B.C. 11. Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate.12. Examination of Haemin crystals. 

PHR110 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I Credit 3 
1. Introduction to microbiology: Microbiology as a field of biology, place of microbiology in the living field, prokaryotic and eucaryotic protests, group of microorganisms, areas of microbiology, application of microbiology.
2. History and evolution of microbiology: Spontaneous generation and biogenesis; germs theory of diseases; pure culture concept; immunization; widening horizons.
3. Microscopic observations of microorganisms: Bright field, dark field, fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy, electronic microscopy, preparations of microscopic examinations, wet mount and hanging drop techniques, fixed and stained smears, microbiological stains: simple and differential staining methods.
4. Bacteria: Nomenclature of bacteria, morphology and fine structures, nutritional requirements, bacteriological media, growth and reproduction, quantitative measurements of bacterial growth, maintenance and preservation of pure culture of bacteria.
5. Microorganisms other than bacteria (brief study):
a) Yeasts Types, morphology, reproduction and physiology, pathogenic yeasts.
b) Rickettsiae  Introduction, characteristics of rickettsiae, pathogenic rickettsiae, laboratory diagnosis of rickettsial diseases.
c) Viruses  History of viruses, classification of viruses, characteristics of viruses, reproduction and cultivation of viruses, virus inhibition, control of virus infections, bacterial virus or bacteriophages, morphology and composition, cultivation of bacterial viruses, reproduction of bacterial viruses.Books Recommended:1. Microbiology- Michael J. Pelczar, Noel R. Kreig and E.C,S Chan. 5"' edition, Tata Me Graw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi,2. Microbiology An Introduction- Tortara, Berdell R.Funkee & Case, 8"' edition, Prentice-Hall.3. Biology of Microorganisms- TD Brock, MT Madigan, JM Martinko, and J. Parker, 7"' edition, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.4. Prescott and Dunn's Industrial Microbiology- Samuel Cate Prescott, Cecil Gordon Dunn and Gerald Reed-, 4 th edition., Chapman & Hall.5. Pharmaceutical Microbiology- Harris.6. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology- A.J. Salle, 7"' edition, McGraw Hill Book Company.7. Cooper and Gunn's Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students- S. J Carter, 12th edition, Pitman Medical.8. Microbiology- Lachman and Whistriche.9. Pharmaceutical Microbiology- W. B. Hugo & A. D. Russel, 6"' edition, Blackwell Science.

PHR 116 Pharmaceutical Microbiology-I-Lab Credit 1 1. Identification and characterization of bacteria.2. Gram staining of bacterial cells and spores.3. Preparation of pure bacterial cultures.4. Preparation of pure culture and its identification.5. Bacterial counts. 

PHR 111 Basic Anatomy Credit 2 
1. Tissue: Definition and classification of tissue. Definition, classification, characteristics, distribution, minute structures and functions of different tissue. Bone and cartilage.
2. Alimentary system-oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, caecum, appendix, colon, sigmoid, rectum, anal canal.
3. Cardiovascular system- Heart, ascending aorta, arch of the aorta, descending thoracic aorta, abdominal aorta.
4. Respiratory system-nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, lung.
5. Urinary system-kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
6. Reproductive system: Female-ovary, uterus with fallopian tube, cervix, vagina; Male- Testis, ductus diferens, seminal vesicle, prostate, urethra. External genitalia: male- scrotum, penis. female-Labium majora, L.minora, clitories vaginal orifice.
7. Nervous system- CNS: Brain & spinal cord; PNS: spinal nerve & autonomic nervous system (sympathetic & parasympathetic)
8. Endocrine gland - Pituitary gland, thyroid & parathyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, ovary, testis.
9. Exocrine gland - Parotid gland, submandibular gland, pancreas.
10. Metabolic organ - Liver with gall bladder.
11. Reticulo endothelial system - spleen, thymus, tonsil, lymph node, bone marrow.
Recommended Books:1. Human Physiology Vol. I & II  C.C. Chatterjee2. Textbook of Medical Physiology  Guyton3. Review of Medical Physiology- W.F. Ganong 

SECOND YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER 

PHR 201 Physical Pharmacy - II Credit 3 
1. Kinetics:
(A) Physical degradation of pharmaceutical products: loss of water, absorption of water, loss of volatile constituents, polymorphism, color change.
(B) Chemical degradation: hydrolysis, oxidation, isomerization, polymerization, Decarboxylation, factors affecting chemical degradation etc.
(C) Chemical kinetics: Definitions, rates and orders of reactions, methods for determination of orders of reactions, influence of temperature on rate of reactions, theories of reaction rates, decomposition of pharmaceutical products, accelerated test for physical, chemical and photochemical stability, stability aspects of formulations, marketed products and clinical supplies, shelf life determination.
2. Interfacial phenomena: Adsorption and Interface, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm, BET equation, Electrical properties of interfaces, electrical double layer, Nernst and zeta potential, Gibbs equation, spreading, surface active agents, Emulsifiers, detergents and antifoaming agents, surfactants and drug activity, surfactants and pharmaceutical products.
3. Rheology and Rheology of dispersed system: Newtonian liquids, Non-Newtonian materials, yield value, plastic & pseudo plastic flow, dilatant and thixotropic flow, viscosity of suspending agents.
4. Colloids: Classification, preparation, electrical and optical properties, sedimentation, Stokes law, stability of colloidal dispersion, protective colloid, sensitization, dialysis, donnan membrane equilibrium, application and uses of colloidal preparation in pharmacy.
5. Electrochemistry: Electrical units and their interrelation, Faradays laws of electrolysis and electrochemical equivalents, electrolytic conduction, equivalent conductance and the related facts, conductometric titrations, transference numbers and their determination.
6. Electrochemical cells: Electrode and cell potentials, energies involved in electrode processes, reference electrodes, buffer solutions and measurement of PH; Potentiometric titrations and oxidation- reduction systems, concentration cells.
7. Micromeritics: Importance of particle size determination, Different means of expressing particle size, Methods of particle size determination, optical and electron microscope studies, coulter counter methods, Laser beam technique, Sieve analysis, sedimentation methods, particle shape and surface area, Measurement of particle surface area.Books Recommended:1. Principle of Physical Chemistry- M. Mahbubul Haque & M. Ali Nawab, 2"d edition, Student Publication,2. Physical Pharmacy- Alfred N. Mar-tin, Pilar Bustamonte, 4"' edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.3. Glasstone Samuel and Lewis David, 1966,4. Elements of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan5. Physical Chemistry- P. W. Atkins, Peter Atkins, Julio De Paula, 7t" edition, W. H Freeman & Company.6. Essentials of Physical Chemistry- B. S. Bahl, G. D. Tuli and Arun Bahl, 24t" edition, S. Chand & Company Ltd.7. Quantitative analysis- V. Alexeyev, 2nd edition, CBS Publishers.8. Physicochernical Principles of Pharmacy- A. T. Florence and D. Attwood, 2 d edition, Macmillan. 

PHR 206 Physical Pharmacy-II-Lab Credit 1 
1. (a) Determination of viscosity of pure liquids such as glycerin, alcohol etc. (b) Determination of viscosity of liquid pharmaceutical preparation﷓syrup, emulsion suspension etc. (c) Study of variation of viscosity of liquid with temperature using Ostwald or Engleris viscometer.2. Determination of velocity constant of the hydrolysis of methyl/ethyl acetate catalysed by HCl/NaOH.3. Determination of adsorption isotherm of oxalic (or acetic) acid form aqueous solution by charcoal and calculation of the constant in Freundlich's equation.4. Determination of the equilibrium constant of the reaction KI+12=KI35. Determination of solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water by conductance measurement.6. Determination of velocity constant for the hydrolysis of an ester in the basic medium by conductance measurements. Determination of the molecular weight of an organic solid7. Determination of the molecular weight of an organic solid.

PHR 202 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Credit 3 
1. Introduction to cell: Differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, structure and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, cell development and differentiation.
2. Plasma membrane, cell walls and cell surface: Principle of semi-permeability, active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis, bacterial, fungal and plant cell walls.
3. Nuclear structure and function: Cell division and cell cycle, mitosis and meiosis, structure and function of chromosomes.
4. Proteins: Important bonds in protein, important functions of protein in biological system, importance of amino acid sequence in protein structure, different amino acids structures and functions, peptide bond, disulfide bridge in protein structure, peptide bond is rigid and planner, a helix, b sheet, hairpin turn, denaturation and renaturation of protein, proteins are rich in hydrogen-bonding potentiality, different structures of protein, conformational change of protein, gel electrophoresis, 2-D gel electrophoresis, purification of protein, synthesis of protein, protein sequencing, recombinant DNA technology for protein sequencing.
5. Nucleic acids: Importance of nucleic acid study, different bases of DNA/RNA, nucleotide, nucleoside, structures of DNA, DNA chain has polarity, AT/GC structure, melting point of DNA, physical states of DNA, Replication, discovery of DNA polymerase I and III, mRNA, hybridization studies of mRNA, synthesis of mRNA, recombinant DNA technology, restriction enzymes, promoter region of DNA, RNA synthesis termination, tRNA, role of tRNA in protein synthesis, codons, DNA sequencing.
6. Enzymes: Definition, activation energy and enzymes, specificity of enzyme, regulation of enzymes activity, enzymes and reaction equilibria, enzyme kinetics, enzyme inhibition, common features of enzymes, enzyme cofactors & coenzymes. Books Recommended:1. Biochemistry, 5th ed., J.M. Berg, J.L. Tymoczko and L. Stryer, Freeman (1995) (or an earlier edition).2. Molecular Cell Biology, 3rd Ed., Lodish. H., et al (1995).3. Essential Cell Biology, 3rd ed., B. Alberts et al. Pub. Garland (1998).4. Amazing Schemes within your Genes, Balkwill and Rolph, Collins5. Instant Notes in Biochemistry. Hames, Hooper and Houghton, Bios Scientific Publishers Biochemistry  Leninger. 

PHR 207 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology-Lab Credit 1 
1. Protein separation by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE)2. DNA extraction and restriction digestion.3. Tissue Glycogen Extraction and Determination4. Amplification of dna by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)5. Finding Differences Between Genomes Using RAPD Analysis6. Observing the Effect of Ionic Strength on Protein Solubility.7. Determining ALU repeats in human chromosome 168. Activity of Bovine Kidney Alkaline Phosphatase and the Determination of Km, Vmax. 

PHR 203 Pharmaceutical Microbiology -II Credit 3 
1. Infectious diseases and causative organisms
2. Basic concepts of immunology: Introduction. Types of immune systems: Non specific and Specific Components of the immune system. Immuno regulation and diversity. Types of immunity. Infections. Pathogenicity and virulence immunity. Hypersensitivity. Inflammation. Autoimmunity.
3. Immunological products: Active antigenic products, attenuated, inactivated and extract, viral and bacterial. Passive products, gamma globulin.
4. Sterilization: (a) Sterilization by dry heat: principle, hot air oven, method of use, applications, advantages and disadvantages of sterilization by moist heat, factors affecting sterilization by moist heat, principle of sterilization by stem under pressure, (b) Sterilization by filtration; (c) Sterilization by radiation; (d) Sterilization by gas.
5. Sterility testing and LAL testing methods of pharmaceutical products
6. Microbiological assay of antibiotics: Introduction, reference standard and units of activity, agar diffusion assay, theory of zone formation, factors affecting diffusion assay, Dose response curve, large plate assay using Latin square design, statistical interpretation of microbiological assay methods.
7. Microbiological monitoring methods for pharmaceutical industry: Different methods of microbial monitoring systems for environment in pharmaceutical industry.
8. Disinfectants and antiseptics

Books Recommended:1. Microbiology- Pelczar, Kreig and Khan2. Microbiology: An Introduction﷓ Tortora, Funkee and Case3. Biology of Microorganisms﷓T.D. Brock4. Industrial Microbiology ﷓ Prescott and Dunn.5. Pharmaceutical Microbiology ﷓ Harris6. Fundamental Principles of Bacteriology ﷓ Salle.7. Dispensing for Pharmaceutical Students ﷓ Cooper and Gunn.8. Microbiology﷓ Lachman and Whistriche9. Pharmaceutical Microbiology﷓Russel and Hugo

PHR 204 Physiology- II Credit 3 
1. Nervous system
Neuron- properties, classification and functions. Neuroglial cells and their functions. Nerve fibers-Definition, types, properties of nerve fibers, origin and propagation of nerve impulses across nerve fibers, action potential. Synapse- classification, structure, properties and functions. Neurotransmitters- classifications and functions, never endings.
Different types of sensations- Mechanism and properties of sensations, Receptors- definition, classifications, properties and functions.
Reflex and reflex arc, their classifications, properties and components of reflex arc. Principal division of nervous system  CNS and PNS. Functions of different parts of CNS. Ascending and descending tracts of spinal cord. Differences between  somatic & autonomic, and sympathetic & parasympathetic nervous system. Cranial and spinal nerves & their functions. Regulation of autonomic nervous system. Muscle tone- definition & regulation. CSF- definition, composition and function.
2. Endocrine system
Different endocrine glands & their structure & functions of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal & pancreatic glands. Functions & regulation of secretion of hormones. Abnormal hormone secretions.
3. Excretory system
Structure of kidney, nephron & its different parts. Renal circulation- its regulation & measurements. Renal clearance & its importance. Urine- its composition & properties. Counter current mechanism. Role of kidney in acid-base balance of blood & in maintenance of plasma volume.
4. Reproductive system
Testis & accessory reproductive systems & their functions. Male hormones and their functions. Spermatogenesis and its hormonal regulation.
Organs of female reproduction system and their functions. Menstruation cycle, different phases & its regulation. Ovogenesis & ovulation and its control. Female sex hormones & their functions, Pregnancy and lactation & their hormonal control.
5. Regulation of body temperature
Heat production & heat dissipation. Role of hypothalamus & other nerve factors in body temperature regulation. Abnormalities in body temperature regulation.Books recommended:1. Medical Physiology by Ganon.2. Medical Physiology by Guyton.3. Practical Physiology by C. L. Ghai.4. Human Physiology (vol. I & II)- Chandi Charan Chatterjee, I 11h edition, Medical Allied Agency, Calcutta.5. A Text Book of Medical Physiology- Arther C. Guyton, 10"' edition, W. B. Sander's Company, Philadelphia 2nd edition, Appleton & Lange6. Review of Medical Physiology- W. F. Ganong, 22 1 1 Medical Publication.7. A Text Book of Practical Physiology- C.L. Ghai, South Asia Books.8. Gray's Anatomy- Spalding Gray, (International students edition), published by Churchill Livingstone. 

PHR 208 Physiology-II-Lab Credit 1 
1. Recording of normal heart beat in toad.2. Demonstration of the effects of temperature aviation on toad heart.3. Demonstration of the effects of dentifi ligathes on toad heart.4. Demonstration of the effects of drugs on toad heart.5. Demonstration of the effect of Electrolytes ( Na* , K+, Ca+) on toad heart.6. Recording of respiration with stethograph. Effects of physical exercise on B.P. and heart rate.7. Measurement of B.P. with sphygmomanometer. Effects of p6ysirAl exercise on B P and heart rate8. Biochemical tartes on saliva: Effect of ptyalin on starch 9. Collection of gastric Juice; Tests for gastric acidity 

PHR 205 Pharmacognosy- II Credit 3 
1. Glycosides and glycoside containing drugs. Classifications, source and use of different types of glycosides.
a. Isothiocyanate: Mustard
b. Cyanogenetic: Wild Cherry
c. Antharaquinone glycosides: Cascara sagrada, aloe, senna, rhubarb.
d. Saponins: Sarsaparila, glycyrrhiza, dioscorea.
e. Cardiac: Digitalis, strophanthus, squill.
2. Alkaloids: Distribution, properties, tests, extraction, structure types and classification. The details of the following:
a. Pyridine-piperidine: Areca
b. Tropane: Belladonna, stramonium, hyoscyamus and coca
c. Quinoline: Cinchona
d. Isoquinoline: Ipecac, opium
e. Indole: Rauwolfia, nux-vomica, ergot
f. Imidazole: Pilocarpus
g. Steroidal: Veretrum viride, aconite
h. Purine bases: Coffee, tea
i. Lupinane: Lupinus
3. Volatile oils and related terpenoids: Methods of obtaining volatile oils; Chemistry of the volatile oils and their medicinal and commercial uses.
4. Phenolic compounds and tannins: Chemical nature and test for tannins, some tannin containing drugs such as Nutgall and Catechu.
5. Resin and resin combinations (resin, oleoresin, oleo gum resin, balsam): Jalap, Cannabis, Capsicum, Ginger, Myrrh, Tolu Balsam, and Benzoin.
6. Herbs as health foods: Alfa alfa, Apricot pits, Arnica, garlic, onion, Ginseng, Spiriluna Fenugreek, Sassafras and Honey.
7. Poisonous plants ant natural pesticides: Datura, Poison Hemlock, Water Hemlock, Foxglove (Digitalis), Ipomoea, Tobacco, Poppy, Pyrethrum flower, Derris and Lanchocarpus, Red Squll, Strychnine etc.

Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacognosy- Varro E. Tyler, Lynn R, Brady & James E, Robbers, 9'h edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
2. Pharmacognosy- Trease & Evans.
3. Pharmacognosy- Edward P. Claus, Varro E.Tyler, 5th edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.
4. Textbook of Pharmacognosy- T. E. Wallis, 5 edition, J & A Churchill.
5. Practical Pharmacognosy- Rasheeduz Zafar, I" edition, CBS Publishers.
6. Natural Products, A Laboratory Guide - Raphael Ikan, Acadec Press, Inc., London.PHR 209 Pharmacognosy-II Lab Credit 1
1. General tests for carbohydrates e.g. glucose, fructose, lactose, sucrose, maltose, etc.2. Examination of starch and related products.3. Examinations of gums and mucilages.4. Extraction and identification of some anthraquinone derivatives from Senna, Cascara sagrada, and Aloe.5. Extraction & identificaiton of caffeine from tea and coffee.6. Preparation of TLC plate, activation, sampling and screening of different plant extracts by thin-layer chromatography (TLC).7. Study of cardiac glycosides and some cardio-active drugs: Digitalis, Squill, Strophanthus.8. Examination of some saponin-containing drugs: Sarsaparilla, Discorea.9. Study of alkaloids and some alkaloid-containing drugs: Belladonna, Stramonium, Hyoscyamus, Cinchona, Rauwolfia, Nux-vomica, Ergot, Ephedra, Colchicum.10. Isolation of volatile oils from volatile oil containing drugs.SECOND YEAR, 

SECOND SEMESTER 

PHR 210 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I Credit 3 
1. Aqueous acid-base titration: Definition, distribution of acid-base species with PH of the medium, acid-base titrimetry for determination of weekly acidic and basic pharmaceuticals, Indicators (theories) and their selection, applications.
2. Non aqueous acid-base titration: Theoretical considerations and principles, Bronsted-Lowry theory of acids and bases, non aqueous solvents, titration of weak acids and weak bases, application and scope of non aqueous titration.
3. Oxidation-reduction titration: Principles and concepts, determination involving potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, potassium bromate, Iodiometric and iodiometric determination, miscellaneous oxidation and reduction titration, indicators, applications.
4. Complexometric titration: Introduction to complexometric titration, complexes and chelates, stability of complex ions, titration based on complex formation, types of complexometric titration, techniques employed in chelometric titration, methods of end point detection, titration selectivity and masking reagents.
5. Potentiometric titration: Introduction, theory and principles, electrochemical cells and half-cells, electrodes, measurement of potential, application of potentiometric titration.
6. Amperometric titration: Introduction, theoretical considerations, instrumentation, general polarographic analysis, amperometric titration using one and two electrodes.
7. Aquametry: Principle and scope, Physical methods of water determination, chemical method of water determination, Karl-Fischer procedure principle, chemistry, methodology, equipment, end point detection and limitation.
8. Testing of Pharmaceutical and potable waters: Test for waters according to BP and USP, Total Organic Carbon (TOC) equipment and methods, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Books Recommended:1. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis- Kennth A. Connors, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons.2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Lasie G. Chatten, 1996, Marcel Dekker Inc.3. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Vol. I & 11- Aurther 1. Vogel, -3 edition, Long man, England.4. United State Pharmacopoeia, 29'11 edition, United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc.5. British Pharmacopoeia 2005.6. Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Industry- Murray S. Cooper, 1972, Academic Press.7. Organic Spectroscopy- Philip Crews, Jamie Rodriguez & Marcel Jaspurs, 1998, Oxford University Press, New York, London.8. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parts I and 2, By A. H. Backett & J. B. Stenlake, 4t" edition, 1988, Athlone Press, London.9. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques- A Contemporary approach, D. L~ Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Krij, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Torento. 

PHR 216 Pharmaceutical Analysis-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Assay of acetyl salicylic acid in aspirin tablets.2. Non-aqueous assay of phenobarbitone tablets.3. Determination of potency of penicillin tablets.4. Determination of calcium in solid and liquid dosage form by complexometric titration.5. Assay of promethazine hydrochloride.6. Assay of aluminium hydroxyide gel.7. Assay of magnesium and aluminium from antacid preparation.8. Determination of iodine value and saponification value.

PHR 211 Biostatistics Credit 3 
1. Summarizing data: Collection of data, construction of data, construction of frequency distribution, presentation of data by graphs and diagrams
2. Measurement of central tendency: Arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, median and mode.
3. Measures of dispersion: Range of mean deviation, variance, coefficient of variance, standard deviation.
4. Measures of shapes: Moments, Skewness and kurtosis.
5. Correlation analysis: General notion of correlation, scatter diagram, calculation of correlation coefficient and coefficient of determination.
6. Regression analysis: Basic idea of regression, calculation of regression coefficient, standard error and significance test. Partial correlation and multiple regression with two and more than two independent variables. Dose response analysis.
7. Probability distribution: Concept of probability, random variable, mathematical expectation of random variable, probability distribution of random variable. Normal binomial and Poisson distributions, their means and variances.
8. Significance test: Simple significance tests based on the normal distribution & t-distribution, Chi-square test.
9. Measures of associates: Odds ratio, prevalence ratio, risk ratio, relative risks and some chi-squared based tests, Menemear of Mantel-Haensal tests.
10. Study design: Experimental and non-experimental design, cross sectional study, cohort study, case-control study.
11. Validity and reliability: Concepts of Validity and reliability of measurements & their types.
12. Simple experimental design and the analysis of variances: Introduction, completely randomized design, randomized block design, testing the homogeneity of variances.
13. Sampling: Concept of sampling. Sampler designs such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling & systematic sampling.
14. Demography: Rates & ratios, CBR, CDR, GFR, TFR, ASFR, ASDR, standardization of rates, concept of life tables.
15. Survival analysis: Censoring & truncation, hazard function, survival function, Median lifetime, Sensitivity and specificity.
Books Recommended:
1. Biostatistics, Daniel S. Pearsons
2. An introduction to statistics, M. Nurul Islam
3.Biostatistics, Mohajan, New Delhi 

PHR 217 Biostatistics-Lab Credit 1 
Some applications of statistics in Pharmacy:1. (a) Studies of rates of chemical & biological reactions.
(b) Sampling random sample, representative sample.
2. Test for uniformity of tables.
3. Qualitative test on samples.
4. Limits for content of active ingredient of tables.
5. Probability of a batch passing or failing to pass a test.
6. Dispensing error ﷓Dispensing of liquids dispensing of solids.
7. Analysis of variance ﷓in studying the results obtained in the development of an assay.
8. Biological assay ﷓Threshold dose assay, toxicity tests, Bacteriological counts (Poisson distribution).

PHR 212 Pharmaceutical Technology-I Credit 3 
1. Pre-formulation: Preliminary evaluation and molecular optimization, bulk characterization of the material crystalinity and polymorphism, thermal properties, hygroscopicity, particle characterization, bulk density, powder flow properties, solubility analysis, pKa determination, PH solubility profile, effect of temperature, solubilization, partition coefficient, dissolution, stability analysis, solution stability, solid state stability.
2. Chemical and physical incompatibility
3. Pharmaceutical excipients: Chemistry, Physical properties and uses of following excipients, acidifying agents, air displacement agents, alkalizing agent, antifoaming agents, antimicrobial preservatives, antioxidants, buffering agents, chelating agent, colors, complexing agents, emulsifying agents, flavoring agents and perfumes, Humectant, ointment bases, solvents, Stiffening agents, Wetting and solubilizing agent.
4. Basic principles of compounding and dispensing: Weight, measures and units calculation for compounding and dispensing, fundamental operation in compounding, good pharmaceutical practices in compounding and dispensing, containers and closures for dispensed products, responding to the prescription, Labelling of dispensed medications.
5. Liquid dosage forms: Solution and Elixirs, theory of solution, different factors affecting solution process, advantages and disadvantages, formulation consideration, manufacturing considerations, packaging of liquids, preservation and stability aspects, Quality control of liquids.
6. Dispersed system:
(a) Properties of dispersed systems: Theoretical aspects of suspension, emulsion and colloids, surface char and zeta potential, Inter- particle force, crystal growth, wetting, adsorption at solid-liquid interface, surface and interfacial tension, flocculation and coalescence.
(b) Suspension: Advantages and disadvantages, aggregated and dispersed system, formulation of suspension, Manufacturing of suspension, stability of suspension, Evaluation and quality analysis of suspension, Rheological consideration, illustrative examples.
(c) Emulsion: Definition and applications, advantages and disadvantages, theory of emulsion, formation of emulsion, Classification of emulsifying agents, HLB values of surface active agents, formulation of emulsion, manufacturing of emulsion, stability of emulsion, Evaluation and quality analysis of emulsion, Rheological considerations, illustrative examples.
7. Semisolids (Ointments, paste, gels): Structure of skin, percutaneous absorption of drugs, definition and classification of semisolid preparations, classification of bases, formulation, manufacturing, consideration, evaluation and quality analysis of semisolid preparations.
8. Suppositories: Drug absorption from colon, classification of suppositories, merits and demerits of suppository, suppository bases, formulation, manufacturing and testing of suppositories.
Books recommended:1. The Theory and Practice of Industrical Pharmacy by Lachman.2. American Pharmacy by Sprowl.3. Pharmaceutics by Aulton.4. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences.5. Dispensing of medication by Husa and Martin.6. Pharmaceutical Practice by Aulton.7. An Introductory to Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fishburn.8. An Introduction of Pharmaceutical Productions by Fishburn.9. The Extra Pharmacopeia by Martindale. 

PHR 218 Pharmaceutical Technology-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Preparation of percent solution and calculation.2. Preparation of aromatic water.3. Preparation of syrups:(a) Phenobarbitone-Na syrup(b) Chlorpheniramine maleate syrup(c) Promethazine HCl syrup(d) Hematinic syrup4. Preparation of suspensions:(a) Paracetamol suspension(b) Antacid suspension(c) Chalk powder suspension.5. Preparation of emulsions and determination of type of emulsions:a. Primary emulsion by dry gum method and wet gum methodb. Castor oil emulsion6. Preparation and quality control tests for: a. Cold cream, vanishing cream, cleansing lotion and cream, moisturizing cream etc. b. Hair creams, hair setting lotions, shampoos, hair colorants. c. Shaving creams & after shave lotions. d. Tooth powders & tooth pastes. 7. Formulation of ointments and suppositories.
PHR 213 Pharmacology-I Credit 3
1. Definition of pharmacology, drug, medicine, pro-drug, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, agonist, synergism, side effect, toxicity, teratogenicity, drug interaction, drug tolerance, drug dependence, drug abuse, idiosyncrasy, dose, dosage form, absorption, distribution, bioavailability, distribution, protein binding, metabolism & excretion, routes of drug administration.
2. Basic concept of drug action: receptor, nature of receptor, drug antagonism, Relation between drug dose & clinical response.
3. Signalling mechanism and drug action, legand gated channels, G-proteins and second messengers.
4. Drugs for peptic ulcer: antacid, H2-receptor blockers, proton pump inhibitors, PG analogues, mucosal-protective agent, anti Helicobacter pylori.
5. Anticoagulants: Heparin, calcium complexing agents, oral anticoagulants
6. Autacoids: Amine, lipid & peptide autacoids.
7. Haematinic drugs: Iron, vit B12 , folic acid erythropoietin
8. Sedative & hypnotic drugs: Benzodiazepine & barbiturates.
9. CNS stimulant drugs: Strychnine, xanthine & methylxanthine, amphetamine, nicotine.
10. Chemotherapy of parasites: Drugs used in helminthiasis, malaria, leishmaniasis & trichomoniasis. Books Recommended:1. Goodman & Gillman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics- Hardman, Joel G., 10"' edition, McGraw Hill Incorporated.2. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology- Bertram G. Katzung, 9t" edition, Me Graw Hill Companies.3. Medical Pharmacology-Andres Goth, 8t" edition, Toppan Co. Ltd.4. Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapeutics- R. S. Satosker, Paperback, 2005, Popular Prakashani Ltd. India.5. Clinical Pharmacology- D, R. Laurence, P. N. Bennett and M. J. Brown, 9th edition, Churchill Living stone. 6. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Roger walker and Clive Edwards, 3 edition, Churchill Living stone. 

PHR 219 Pharmacology-I-Lab Credit 1 
1. Study of drugs acting on CNS: a) CNS stimulant drugs (strychnine, ephedrine, amphetamine). b) CNS depressant drugs (barbiturates induced sleeping time).
2. Effect of pilocarpine on salivary secretion of rat.
3. Effect of digitalis, adrenaline, nor-adrenaline, isoprenaline on toads heart.
4. Effect of local anaesthetics on rats tail.
5. Study of mydriatic and myotic effects on rabbits eye (e.g. pilocarpine, atropine, physostigmine, etc).

PHR 214 Pathology Credit 2 
1. Definition and scope of pathology
2. General concept of disease
3. Cellular injury and adaptation
4. Inflammation
5. Pathological calcification
6. Body defense mechanisms
7. Nutritional diseases
8. Neoplasia
9. Thrombosis and other disorders of circulation
10. Infectious disease
11. Immunological disease
12. Name, definition and examination of all common pathological tests and the standard values.
Books Recommended:1. Robinn's Pathological Basis of Disease- Ramzi S. Cotran, Vinay Kumar, Tucker Collins, Stanley L. Robbins, 6t" edition, W.B Sander's Company, Philadelphia.2. General Pathology- J. B Walter & M. S Israel, -) edition, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh.

THIRD YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER 

PHR 301 Medicinal Chemistry-I Credit 3 
1. Reaction mechanisms:
(a) Addition reaction: electrophilic; nucleophilic and free-radical; 1,2- and 1,4- addition.
(b) Substitution reaction: Unimolecular (SN1) and bimolecular (SN2), stereochemistry of SN1 and SN2 reaction, free-radical and intermolecular nucleophilic substitution.
(c) Elimination reaction: Unimolecular (E1) and bimolecular (E2), stereochemistry of elimination reaction.
(d) Rearrangement reaction: Hofmann, Claisen, Sigmatropic and Fries rearrangement.
2. Name reactions: Arndt- Eistertd, Baklelite, Baeyer-Villiger, Birch reduction, Clemmensen reduction, Darzens condensation, Diels Alder, Eschweiler-Clarke, Friedel- Crafts, Gabriel synthesis, Gettermann- Koch and Sandmeyer, Grignard, Hofman, Mannich, Michael, Meerwin- Pondorf- Verley, Oppenauer oxidation, Perkin, Reformatsky, Reimer- Tiemann, Vilsmeier- Haack, Witting and Wolf-Kishner reduction.
3. Carbohydrates: General considerations, chemistry, stereochemistry, classification, aldoses, ketones, oxidation, effect of alkali, Kiliani- Fisher synthesis of aldoses, Ruff degradation, optical family, D-L, R-S cyclic structures of D (+) glucose, mutarotation, hemiacetal, acetal form of glucose, ring size determination, disaccharide, structure determination of polysaccharides, starch cellulose, glycogen, chemical and pharmaceutical importance of carbohydrate, blood sugar, glycogenesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, metabolism of carbohydrates etc.
4. Lipids: General consideration, chemistry, biosynthesis of fats and fatty acid, catabolism of fat, fatty acid cycle, β- oxidation, catabolism of unsaturated fatty acids, ketone bodies, ketosis, ketourea, ketoacidosis, diabetic coma and its treatment, lactic acid and acidosis, phosphoglycerides steroid, bile salts etc.
5. Amino acids and proteins: General considerations, structure of amino acids, acidity and basicity of amino acids, isoelectric point, preparations and reactions of amino acids, essential amino acids, metabolism of amino acids-deamination, transamination, racimization etc.Books Recommended1. Willson and Gisvold's Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Jaime N. Delgado & Willium A. Remers, 10"' edition, LippincottRaven, Philadelphia Newyork.2. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery- Donald J. Abraham, 6"' edition, John Wiley and Sons.3. Essentials of Medicinal chemistry- Andrejus Korolkovas, 2'd edition, John Wiley and Sons. 

PHR 306 Medicinal Chemistry-I-Lab Credit 1 
Synthesis and characterization of different compounds of medicinal importance: a) Benzocainec) Nicotinamidec) Isoniazidd) Tramodole) Celecoxibf) Trimethoprim 2. Preparation of different analogs by: a) Acetylation b) Methylation c) Oxidation d) Reduction3. Extraction of metabolic enzymes from liver and their effects. 

PHR 302 Pharmacology-II Credit 3 
1. Local anesthetic: History, mechanism of action, properties, SAR, pharmacological action, fate, ester and amide type local anesthetics.
2. General anesthetic: Inhaled anesthetics, nitrous oxide, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane & sevoflurane. Intravenous anesthetics - Barbiturates, benzodiazepines & opiod analgesics, propofol, ketamine.
3. Analgesic, antipyretic and antinflammatory drugs: Non-narcotic analgesic- salicylates, pyrazolone derivatives, para-aminophenole derivatives, propionic acid derivatives, indomethacin, sulindac,tolmetin, diclofenac; Narcotic analgesic -opium alkaloids, morphine antagonist, synthetic & semisynthetic opiate.
4. Cardiovascular drugs:
a. Antihypertensive drugsb. Antiarrhythmic drugs.c. Diureticsd. Drugs used in heart failuree. Drugs used in angina and myocardial infraction
5. Antibacterial agents:a. Drugs affecting folate synthesis: Sulfonamide, trimethoprimb. b-lactam antibiotics: Penicillin, cephalosporin.c. Drugs affecting protein synthesis: Tetracycline, chloramphenicol, macrolides, aminoglycosides.d. Drugs affecting Topoisomerase-I enzyme: Fluoroquinolones.e. Glycopeptide, polymyxin, bacitracin & nitrofurantoin antibiotics.f. Antitubercular agents: INH, rifampin, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, PAS, capreomycin, cycloserine, ethionamide. g. Antileprotic drugs: Dapson, rifampin, clofazimine.
6. Vitamin: Water soluble and fat soluble vitamins
7. Antidiabetic agents: Introduction to diabetes, classification, causes, complications and treatment of diabetes. Hypoglycemia, causes and treatment, Relationship between stroke and diabetes, Causes of stroke. Different types of anti-hyperglycemic agents with structures, mechanisms, uses, toxicity. Insulin resistance, management of diabetes. Glucagon structure, mechanism and uses.Books Recommended: 1. Medical Pharmacology by A. Goth.2. Medical Pharmacology by Meyer.3. Medical Pharmacology by Katzung 

PHR 307 Pharmacology-II-Lab Credit 1 
1. Estimation of blood glucose by enzymatic and chemical method.2. Estimation of blood aspirin and paracetamol level after oral administration by UV/Visible spectrophotometric methods.3. Estimation of plasma protein and uric acid by enzymatic and chemical method.4. Estimation of cholesterol in human blood by enzymatic and chemical method.5. Handling of experimental animals: mice and rat.

PHR 303 Pharmaceutical Technology-II Credit 3 
1. Formulation and manufacturing of tablets: Manufacturing of tablets by wet granulation, dry granulation and by direct compression. Granulation of powders for tableting, advantages and disadvantages of different process, Processing machineries used in tablet manufacturing.
2. Common tableting problems and evaluation of tablets: Hardness measurement, weight variation tests, thickness and diameter, friability, disintegration time, dissolution time, mechanism of tablet disintegration and dissolution, In process quality control methods in tablet manufacturing, Study of common tableting problems.
3. Tablet coating: Definitions and classification of coating methods, advantages and disadvantages of coated tablets, different methods of coating: sugar coating, different stages of sugar coating, problems of sugar coating; film coating, film formers, plasticizer, solvents, other excipients; comparison between sugar coating and film coating, aqueous film coating techniques, modern film coating materials and coating formulations, problems of organic and aqueous film coating; Film coating problems; Coating machines.
4. Hard gelatin capsules: Definition and classification, advantages and limitations of capsule dosage form, Gelatin and its manufacture, manufacture of hard capsule shells, properties of capsules, formulation of capsules, capsule filling machines, tooling and accessories, problems in capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of capsules, packaging of capsules.
5. Soft gelatin capsules: Definitions and classifications, advantages and limitations, properties of soft capsules, formulation of soft capsules, manufacturing of soft capsules, problems in soft capsule manufacturing, quality control methods of soft capsules, packaging of soft capsules.
6. Microencapsulation technology: Purpose, methods of preparation, evaluation, pharmaceutical and biological applications of microencapsulation process.Books recommended:1. American Pharmacy by Sprowl.2. Pharmaceutics by Aulton.3. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences.4. Pharmaceutical Practice by Aulton.
PHR 308 Pharmaceutical Technology-II-Lab Credit 1
1. Preparation of tablets by the following techniques:a. Wet granulation (aqueous).b. Wet granulation (non-aqueous).c. Dry granulation (slugging).2. Coating of tablets - sugar coating and film coating.3. Strip packing of tablets.4. Quality control of tablets.5. Filling and sealing of hard gelatin capsules.6. Quality control of capsules.7. Leakage test of packaging of tablets and capsules.8. Preparation of sustained release dosage forms employing various techniques.9. Preparation of an aerosol dosage form and its evaluation.10. Preparation and evaluation of microcapsules by employing various techniques. 

PHR 304 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I Credit 3 
1. Introduction of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics
2. Gastrointestinal absorption of drugs:
(a) Biological Consideration: Membrane physiology, gastrointestinal physiology, mechanism of absorption etc.
(b) Physicochemical consideration: Pka and gastrointestinal absorption, Ph-partition theory and other physicochemical factors.
(c) Dosage form consideration: Role of different dosage form like solution, suspension, tablet, capsule, emulsion etc. on gastrointestinal absorption.
(d) Disintegration and dissolution of drugs
3. Distribution of drugs:
(a) Important Pharmacokinetic parameters such as biological half-life, apparent volume of distribution, area under the curve, elimination rate constant etc.
(b) Interpretation of Drug-plasma level curve.
(c) Drug-protein Interaction: Theoretical aspect of protein-drug interaction, methods used for protein binding, identification of drug binding sites, kinetics of protein binding, determination of binding sites and association constant, factors affecting protein binding, effects of protein binding on drug distribution, elimination and pharmacological effects of drugs.
4. Drug clearance:
(a) Theoretic aspects of drug elimination, excretion and biotransformation.
(b) Renal elimination: Glomerular filtration, Active tubular secretion, Tubular reabsorption, determination of renal clearance.
(c) Hepatic elimination: Biotransformation of drugs in the liver, drug biotransformation reactions, pharmacokinetics of drugs and metabolites (Michelis Menten Equation), First pass effect, Liver excretion ratio, Relation between absolute bioavailability and liver excretion, hepatic clearance- relationship between blood flow, intrinsic clearance and hepatic clearance, Hepatic clearance of a protein bound drug (effect of protein binding on hepatic clearance).
(d) Biliary excretion of drugs.
5. Bioavailability and bioequivalence: Definitions of different parameters relative to bioavailability; purpose of bioavailability, relative and absolute bioavailability, methods of assaying bioavailability, criteria for bioequivalence studies.
6. Drug product selection on the basis of bioavailability testing.Books Recommended:1. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics - Milo Gibaldi, 4"' edition, Le & Febiger, Philadelphia.2. Blopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics- Notari, R. E., 4th editions, Marcel Dekker Inc.3. Biopharmaceutics & Relevant Pharmacokinetics- T. G. Wagner and M. Pernarowski, 5t" edition, Hamilton Drug Intelligence Publication.4. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Interactions- Donald E. Cadwallader, 3 rd edition, Raven Press, Newyork.
PHR 309 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-I-Lab Credit 1
1. Weight variation, hardness and friability, disintegration and dissolution tests of tablets.2. Comparative in-vitro release rate studies of marketed formulations.3. Determination of bioavailability of marketed formulations by plasma concentration analysis.4. Determination of bioavailability of marketed formulations by urinary excretion method.5. Determination of relative bioavailability of paracetamol using different dosage forms.6. Drug release from capsules, effect of diluents etc.7. Effect of protein binding by egg albumin; dialysis method.

PHR 305 Pharmaceutical Marketing Credit 3 
1. Principles of marketing
2. Strategic marketing planning
3. Consumer markets and buying behavior
4. Market segmentation and target market strategies
5. Product promotion
6. Advertising
7. Products: Planning and development
8. Positioning and product life cycle
9. Branding
Books Recommended:1. Principles of Marketing by Stanton.2. Quantitative Techniques for Managerial Decision Making, by U.K. Srivastava and S. C. Sharma.3. Basic Principles of Marketing by Jeorge R. Terry.4. Pharmaceutical Marketing by Smith.5. Marketing, Management by Philips Kottler, 10"' edition, Printice Hall of India Pvt, Ltd.6. Marketing Strategy: A Global Perspective by Vernon R. Stauble, The Dryden Press.

THIRD YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER 

PHR 310 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II Credit 3 
1. Visible and ultraviolet spectrophotometry: Introduction, electromagnetic radiation, units, electromagnetic spectra and absorption of radiation, Lamberts and Beers law, deviations from Lambert-Beer law, instrumentation, colorimetry, chromophores and auxoochromes, analysis of mixtures, absorption and intensity shifts, applications of Ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy in quantitative analysis of drugs.
2. Infrared spectrophotometry:
3. Fluorometry: Introduction, theoretical principle, fluorescence and chemical structure, instrumentation, factors influencing intensity of fluorescence, comparison of fluorometry and spectrophotometry, applications of fluorometry in pharmaceutical analysis.
4 Polarimetry: Polarimetry: Introduction, origin of optical rotation, molecular requirements for optical rotatory power, methods used in polarimetry, instrumentation and applications.
5. Chromatographic methods:a. Column chromatography and gel filtration techniques, Thin layer chromatography, Ion exchange chromatography: Introduction, principles and theories, preparation, procedure, method of detection, applications.b. High performance liquid chromatography: Introduction and theoretical principles, instrumentation, characteristics of stationary and mobile phases, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, applications.c. Gas Chromatography: Introduction and principles, theoretical consideration, column technology, detectors, analytical application of gas chromatography
6. Other Analytical tools: Short study of differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Differential Thermal Analyis (DTA), Near Infrared detectors (NIR) and their applications in different areas. Books Recommended:1. A Textbook of Pharmaceutical Analysis- Kennth A. Connors, 3 rd edition, John Wiley & Sons.2. Pharmaceutical Chemistry- Lasie G. Chatten, 1996, Marcel Dekker Inc.3. A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, Vol. I & 11- Aurther 1. Vogel, -3 edition, Long man, England.4. United State Pharmacopoeia, 29'11 edition, United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc.5. British Pharmacopoeia 2005.6. Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Industry- Murray S. Cooper, 1972, Academic Press.7. Organic Spectroscopy- Philip Crews, Jamie Rodriguez & Marcel Jaspurs, 1998, Oxford University Press, New York, London.8. Practical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Parts I and 2, By A. H. Backett & J. B. Stenlake, 4t" edition, 1988, Athlone Press, London.9. Introduction to Organic Laboratory Techniques- A Contemporary approach, D. L~ Pavia, G. M. Lampman, G. S. Krij, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, London, Torento
PHR 316 Pharmaceutical Analysis-II-Lab Credit 1
1. Analysis of various classes of drugs bya. Thin layer chromatography (TLC).b. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).2. Preparation of column for liquid column chromatography, gradient elution technique. 3. Identification of medicinal substances by ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy.4. Recording of IR spectra of various drugs and interpretation of data.5. Assay of drugs by IR spectroscopy.

PHR 311 Medicinal Chemistry -II Credit 3 
1. Stereochemistry:
(a) General treatment of different types of isomerism.
(b) Geometric isomerism of alkenes and cyclic compounds, Cis, trans and (E), (Z) systems of nomenclature.
(c) Conformational isomers: conformation of open chain and cyclic compounds.
(d) Chirality of molecules: enantiomer, diastereomer, racemic modification, meso compound, R-and S-configuration, sequence rule, optical rotation.
(e) Asymmetric synthesis: preparation of enantiomer by asymmetric synthesis and optical resolution method.
(f) Stereoselective and stereospecific reaction.
(g) Pharmaceutical importance of studying stereochemistry. 

2. Heterocyclic chemistry:
a. 5-membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyrrole, Furan, Thiophene, Pyrazole, Imidazole, Oxazole, Isoxazole, Thiazole and Isothiazole: their preparations, reactions and pharmaceutical importance.
b. 6-membered heterocyclic compounds: Pyridine, Piperidine, Pyrimidine, Pyradazine, Pyrazine and Triazine: their preparation, reaction and pharmaceutical importance.
c. Benzofused 5-membered heteroatomic compounds: Indole, Benzofuran, Benzothiaphene and Carbazole: their chemistry, synthesis and pharmaceutical importance.
d. Benzofused 6-membered heteroatomic compounds: Quinoline and Isoquinoline: their chemistry, synthesis and pharmaceutical importance. 

3. Chemistry, SAR, mode of action and synthesis of following groups of drugs:
a. Hypnotics and sedatives
b. Antihistamines
c. Analgesics and anti-inflammatory agents
d. Cardiovascular agents
e. Diuretics 

Books Recommended
1. Organic Chemistry- Robert Thornton Morrison and Robert Neilson Boyd, 6"' edition, Prentice, Hall of India Private Limited.2. Heterocyclic Chemistry- J. A. Joule and G. F. Smith, 2 nd edition, English Language book Society.
PHR 317 Medicinal Chemistry-II-Lab Credit 1
Synthesis of drug and drug intermediates:1. Paracetamol3. Aspirin6. Meta Nitro Benzaldehyde7. Ethyl para hydroxyl benzoate9. Methyl Salicylate. 

PHR 312 Pharmaceutical Engineering Credit 3 
1. Drying: Definition, importance of drying, terminology, theory and fundamental concepts, periods of drying, constant rate period, falling rate period, critical moisture content, equilibrium moisture content, classification, direct, indirect, radiation, batch and continuous, dielectric, types of beds static, moving, fluidized, pneumatic bed systems, different drying equipments, construction, operation, merits, demerits, tray dryer, through-circulation dryer, pneumatic conveying, rotary dryer, spray dryer, tunnel dryer, steam tube rotary dryer, agitated pan dryer, vacuum rotary dryer, selection of drying equipment, preliminary dryer selection, drying tests, final selection. Freeze drying: Definition, application, basic principles, basic elements.
2. Filtration: Definition, importance of filtration, difference with expression, sedimentation and drying, classification of filters, theory of filtration, filter media, filter aids, filter thickeners, different filtration equipment, construction, operation, merits, demerits, the gravity nutsche, delpark industrial filter, bag filters, sand filters, plate and frame press, recessed plate filter press, eimco-burwell plates and frames, readco short cycle filter, vertical pressure leaf filter, horizontal plate filter, industrial tubular filter, Rodney hunt pressure filter, moore filter, vacu-flow suction leaf filter, string discharge filter, clarifying filters, selection of filtration equipments.
3. Centrifuges: General principles, Magnitude of centrifugal force, materials of construction, critical speed, sedimentation centrifuges, filtering centrifugals, centrifuge auxiliaries, drive mechanisms, feed and discharge lines, feed treatment, costs, selection of centrifugal separators.
4. Solid-solid mixing: Importance, fundamentals, batch homogenicity, types of solids-mixing machines, mixing mechanisms and operations, double cone, twin shell, horizontal drum, double-cone revolving around long axis, ribbon, vertical screw, batch muller, continuous muller, twin rotor, performance characteristics, selection of machines.
5. Paste mixing: Definition, importance, simple blending, dispersion operations, general equipment design, standard types of equipment and operations, change-can mixer, change-can mixer with planetary motion, change-can mixer with rotating turntable, troy angular mixer, duplex mixer, stationary-tank mixer, kneader, mullers, three-roll mill, selections of process and mixer.
6. Liquid mixing: Definition, importance, mixing equipment, axial and radial flow, Impellers, mechanisms, flow patterns, impellers, flat-blade and curves-blade turbines, spiral turbines, paddles, gate impellers, anchor impellers, different fixed-mounted and portable positions, shaft lengths, baffled and unbaffled tanks, vortex formation and its control, costs, selection of impeller.
7. Refrigeration and air conditioning:Refrigeration: Theory of refrigeration, refrigeration current cycle and equipments employed for large scale refrigeration.Air conditioning: Theory of air conditioning, application and types, humidification and dehumidification, cooling towers.Humidity: Determination methods, methods of increasing and decreasing humidity, application of humidity control in pharmaceutical industries.
8. Lay out plan of pharmaceutical manufacturing plant: Guidelines for selecting new plant sites, pharmaceutical lay out plan and design, criteria for production facilities.
Books Recommended:1. Coulson and Richardson's Chemical Engineering- J. F. Richardson and J.M. Coulron and R. K, Sinott, -) edition, Butterworth- Heinemann.2. Introduction to Chemical Engineering- Walter L. Badger and J,T. Banch CFO, 1955, McGraw-Hill Education.3. Perry's Handbook of Chemical Engineering- Robert H, Perry & Don W. Green, Mc Graw-Hill Education.4. Chemical Engineering Techniques- Lauer & Heckmann.5. Elementary Engineering Drawing- N. D. Bhatt and V. M. Panchal, 43'-d edition, Charotor Publisher.6. An Introductory to Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fishburn.7. An introduction of Pharmaceutical Productions by Fishburn.8. The Theory and Practice of Industrical Pharmacy by Lachman.9. American Pharmacy by Sprowl.10. Pharmaceutical Practice by Aulton.11. The Extra Pharmacopeia by Martindale.12. Pharmaceutics by Aulton.13. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences.14. Dispensing of medication by Husa and Martin.

PHR 313 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-II Credit 3 
1. Introduction to compartment.
(a) One-compartment open model, determination of plasma concentration from one compartment open model, elimination rate constant, apparent volume of distribution, calculation of K from urinary data.
(b) Multiple compartment models: (i) Two-compartment open model, method of residuals, apparent volumes of distributions, drug in tissue compartment, elimination rate constant (ii) Three compartment open model, method of residuals, determination of area under curve, apparent volumes of distribution, elimination rate constant.
2. Pharmacokinetics of Drug absorption: Zero-order absorption model, first- order absorption model, determination of absorption rates constant from oral absorption data.
3. Multiple Dosage Regimen (MDR): Drug accumulation, repetitive intravenous injection, multiple oral dosage regimens, loading dose and determination of bioavailability and bioequivalence from MDR.
4. Intravenous infusion: One-compartment model drugs, two-compartment model drugs, infusion plus loading dose.
5. Dosage adjustment in renal and hepatic disease:
(a) Pharmacokinetic considerations, general approaches for dose adjustment in renal disease, dose adjustment based on drug clearance, dose adjustment based on the elimination rate constant, measurement of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), calculation of creatinine, clearance from serum creatinine concentration, dose adjustment based on nomogram, Giusti-Hayton method, Wagner method.
(b) Extracorporeal removal of drugs.
6. Non-compartmental analysis: Physiologic-pharmcokinetic model, statistical moment, mean residence time etc.
7. Relationship between pharmacokinetic and pharmacologic responses.
Books Recommended:1. Biopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics - Milo Gibaldi, 4"' edition, Le & Febiger, Philadelphia.2. Blopharmaceutics & Clinical Pharmacokinetics- Notari, R. E., 4th editions, Marcel Dekker Inc.3. Biopharmaceutics & Relevant Pharmacokinetics- T. G. Wagner and M. Pernarowski, 5t" edition, Hamilton Drug Intelligence Publication.4. Biopharmaceutics & Drug Interactions- Donald E. Cadwallader, 3 rd edition, Raven Press, Newyork.5. Pharmacokinetics- M. Gibaldi & D. Perrier. 

PHR 317 Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics-II-Lab Credit 1 
1. Determination of the dissolution time and dissolution rate of the enteric coated diclofenac sodium tablet.4. In vitro dissolution study of theophylline tablet.5. In vitro dissolution study of SRDF theophylline capsule. 

PHR 314 Pharmaceutical Management Credit 2 
1. Nature and principles of management: Style of management, The MBO system and improving decision-making.
2. Organization structures: Social organization and legal organization, the sole proprietorship, the general partnership, private and public limited companies, their relative advantages and disadvantages.
3. Personal management: Importance, principles, methods, motivation, staff requirements theory.
4. Planning, organizing, staffing, landing & controlling
5. Managerial role of pharmacists, Pharmacists in different services of health and pharmaceutical industry, marketing & sales, regulatory affair research & development, hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy etc.
6. Inventory control: Methods: Intuitive, systematic wantbook, perpetual inventory, open-to-buy, stock, record card, economic order quality, selection of optimum methods, effect of inventory control.
Books Recommended:1. 1. Principles of Management by Davis.2. 2. Principles and Methods of Pharmacy Management by H. A. Smith.3. 3. Management, A global Perspective by Weirich, Heinz & Koontz. Personnel management and Industrial Relations, by R. S. Davar.4. 4. Personnel Management, by Mamoria.1. Purchasing and Store Keeping, by D. R. Gupta, R. K. Rajput,2. Materials management, by Gopalkrisnan,and R. K. Rajput,3. Managing Drug Supply, management sciences for health,4. Marketing, Management by Philips Kottler, 10"' edition, Printice Hall of India Pvt, Ltd.5. Marketing Strategy: A Global Perspective by Vernon R. Stauble, The Dryden Press.

FOURTH YEAR, FIRST SEMESTER 

PHR 401 Medicinal Chemistry-III Credit 3 
1. Drugs metabolism: Pathways of drugs metabolism, metabolism of various groups of drugs, factors affecting drugs metabolism, methods of studying drug metabolism, new aspect of drug metabolism, metabolic products of common drugs, concept of prodrug
2. Drug discovery and drug design: Source of drugs, cost and place of development of drugs, Search for new drugs, genesis of drugs
i) Serendipity ii) Random Screening iii) Extraction from natural sources iv) Molecular modification (general process ,special process-ring closure or opening, formation of lower or higher homologues, introducction, removal or replacement of bulky groups, isosteric substitution, change of position or certain groups, introduction of alkylating moieties, modification towards inhibition or promotion of various electronic states). Methods of lead optimization (Topliss sequential method), Fibonacci Search, sequential complex optimization (v) Selection or synthesis of soft drugs, soft analogues, activated soft compounds, natural soft drugs, soft drugs based on the active metabolite approach, soft drug based on inactive metabolite approach (vi) Prodrugs (vii) Rational drugs design, antimetabolites, enzyme inhibitors.
3. Chemistry, SAR, mode of action and synthesis of following groups of drugs:(a) Semisynthetic Penicillins (b) Cephalosporins(c) Quinolone derivaties(d) Antihypertensive agents (beta-blockers)(e) H2-blockers(f) Psychrotropic drugs and antidepressants (g) Antidiabetic drugs(h) Oral contraceptives and steroidal hormones (i) Anticancer drugs.
4. Combinatorial chemistry : (a) Combinatorial synthesis: Introduction to drug discovery process (b) Library synthesis on resin beads  solid phase chemistry, resin beads, speeding up of peptide synthesis, mix and split library synthesis (c) Solution phase, indexed combinatorial libraries, template-based libraries, liquid phase combinatorial synthesis, d) Encoded combinatorial synthesis-encoded requirements. Examples of tagged libraries e) Solid phase library, chemistry of linkers, carboxylic acid linkers, carboxamide linkers, alcohol linkers, amine linkers, traceless linkers, light cleavable linkers, selected solid phase chemistry, f) Analysis of products with different analytical techniques used, IR, solid phase NMR g) Combinatorial chemistry: applications and impact on drug discovery.
5. Toxicity studies of drugsBooks Recommended1. Foye's Principles of Medicinal Chemistry- David A. Williams and Thomas L. Lemke, 5'1' edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.2. Medicinal Chemistry: Principles and Practice- Frank D. King, The Royal Society of Chemistry.3. An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry- Graham L. Patrick, 2"d edition, Oxford University Press. 

PHR 407 Medicinal Chemistry-III-Lab Credit 1 
1. Synthesis of Para amino benzoic acid (PABA) in laboratory.2. Synthesis of Phenacetin in laboratory.3. Synthesis of Benzocaine (Ethyl para aminobenzoate) in laboratory.4. Synthesis of Para amino phenol 

PHR 402 Pharmaceutical Technology-III Credit 3 
1. Sustained release drug delivery systems: Principle of SR dosage forms, advantages and limitations of SR dosage forms, classification and types of SR dosage forms, methods of obtaining SR effects of drugs, drug release mechanisms from SR dosage forms, formulation and manufacturing of SR matrix tablets, dose calculation for SR dosage forms, evaluation of sustained release dosage forms.
2. Aerosol science and technology: Definition and classification of aerosols, propellants for aerosol manufacturing, components of aerosol formulations, containers and valves for aerosols, metered dose delivery of aerosols, manufacturing of aerosols, testing and quality assurance of aerosols.
3. Design and operation of clean rooms: Source of contamination, classification of clean rooms, airflow systems- conventional flow, unidirectional flow, laminar airflow units; air filtration mechanisms, fibrous filters and HEPA filters, temperature and humidity control, building design, construction and use, personnel, protective clothing, cleaning and disinfection, commissioning tests of clean and aseptic rooms, routine monitoring tests, the operation of clean and aseptic rooms, Key factors in clean room operations.
4. Parenteral products: Definition and classification of parenteral products, formulation considerations, vehicles and additives, containers, manufacturing techniques, raw materials and machines, quality control of parenteral products.
5. Ophthalmic products: Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drugs in the eye, classification of ophthalmic products, safety considerations of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives, manufacturing considerations, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
6. Packaging technology: Purpose of packaging, properties of packaging materials, factors influencing choice of package, advantages and disadvantages of different packaging materials, glass and glass containers, metal and metal containers, plastic and plastic containers, films, foils and laminates, rubber based materials, closures, tamper resistant packaging, testing and quality assurance of packaging materials, different packaging machines and accessories, organization of packaging line, labeling.
7. Blood product and plasma substitutes: Collection, processing and storage of whole human blood, concentrated human RBC, dried human plasma, human plasma protein fraction, dried human serum fibrinogen, human normal immunogloboline, fibrin foam, dextran, PVP.
Books recommended:1. The Theory and Practice of Industrical Pharmacy by Lachman.2. American Pharmacy by Sprowl.3. Pharmaceutics by Aulton.4. Remingtons Pharmaceutical Sciences.5. Dispensing of medication by Husa and Martin.6. Pharmaceutical Practice by Aulton.7. An Introductory to Pharmaceutical Formulations by Fishburn.8. An introduction of Pharmaceutical Productions by Fishburn.9. The Extra Pharmacopeia by Martindale. 

PHR 408 Pharmaceutical Technology-III-Lab Credit 1 
10. Preparation of Paraffin ointment B.P. (50 gm).11. Formulation and Preparation of Paracetamol Suspension (50 ml).12. Formulation and Preparation of Chlorpheniramine Maleate Solution (100 ml).13. Formulation and Preparation of Paracetamol Tablet.14. Formulation and Preparation of Cotrimoxazole suspension.15. Formulation and Preparation of Iron Syrup (100 ml).16. Formulation and Preparation of Whit-fields Ointment. 

PHR 403 Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Credit 
1. Introduction of biotechnology and its application in medicine, foods, forensic science, microbial and plant genetics; different dimension of biotechnology and pharmaceutical biotechnology.
2. Fermentation technology: definition, principle of fermentation, types of fermentation, surface culture, solid state fermentations, microbial transformation, preparation of alcohol penicillin, streptomycin and riboflavin.
3. Enzyme technology: introduction to enzyme, commercial uses of enzyme, immobilized enzyme reactors, application of immobilized enzymes in manufacturing and preparation of sreptokinase, urokinase, hyaluronidase.
4. Immunology: immunity, type of immunity, immunization and immunization method, manufacturing and standardization of vaccines of bacterial, viral and rickettsial origin. Production of sera, immunoglobolin of bacterial origin, maintenance of seed strains, production and purification method of tetanus, diphtheria toxides, typhoid and cholera vaccines. Production of BCG vaccine. Production of vaccine, sera, immunoglobin from viral origin, polio, rabbis, yellow fever and hepatitis, Monoclonal antibody, hybridoma technology.
5. Recombinant DNA technology and production of biotech compounds: Basic principle, genetic recombination; cloning, gene expression, restriction endonuclease, ligase and other enzymes used in gene cloning, cloning vectors. Transfection method, knock out and transgenic animals. Cultivation and downstream processing, issues to consider in production and purification of proteins.
6. Formulation of biotech products: Microbiological considerations, excipients used in parenteral formulations of biotech products, delivery of proteins, routes of administration and absorption enhancement. Delivery of proteinous drugs: Approaches for rate controlled and target site specific delivery.
7. Gene therapy: Ex vivo versus in vivo gene therapy, potential target diseases for gene therapy, gene transfer methods, non-viral gene transfer,. Antisense technology.
8. Pharmaceutical production: Short study of current biotech products: Interleulins and interferons, insulin, vaccines, monoclonal antibody-based pharmaceuticals, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), trustuzumab. Dispensing of biotechnology products: Storage-temperature requirements, storage in dosing and administration devices, light protection, handling, mixing and shaking, travel requirements, preparation and administration.

PHR 404 Cosmetology Credit 3 
1. The skin: Introduction, epidermis and keratinizing system, pigment system, dermis, nerves and sense organs, blood vessels, exocrine sweat glands, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, common disorders of the skin.
2. Product ingredients: Commonly used surface-active agents, humectants, antiseptics, preservatives, antioxidants.
3. The manufacture of cosmetics: Introduction, mixing and the manufacture of bulk cosmetic products, solid-solid mixing, manufacture of pigmented powder products, mixing processes involving fluids, general principles of fluid mixing, mixing equipments for fluids, solid-liquid mixing, suspension of solids in agitated tanks, liquid-liquid mixing- miscible liquid, immiscible liquid.
4. Skin creams: Introduction, Classification of skin creams, cold creams, cleansing creams, night and massage creams, moisturizing, vanishing and foundation creams, pigmented foundation creams, hand creams and hand-and-body creams, all purpose creams.
5. Shaving preparations: Introduction, Lather shaving cream, brush less or non-lathering cream, aerosol shaving foams, after-shave preparations.
6. Dental products: Introduction, formulation and manufacturing of toothpastes and tooth powders, mouth wash.
Books Recommended:1. Chemistry and Technology of the Cosmetics and Tolleteries Industry- D. F., Williams and W. H. Schmitt, Hardcover 1992, Kluwer Academic Publications.2. Harry's Cosmeticology- J. B. Wilkinson & R. J. Moore, 7th edition, Longman Scientific & Technical.3. Modern Cosmetics~ Perfumes, Cosmetics and Soaps, Vol. 1, 11 and III- W. A. Poucher, 8"' edition, Chapman & Hall, London. 

PHR 409 Cosmetology-Lab Credit 1 
Preparation and formulation of cold cream, vanishing cream, transparant shampoo, egg shampoo, talcum powder, tooth powder, after shave lotion, and shaving cream.

PHR 405 Clinical Pharmacy Credit 2 
1. General consideration: Scope, importance and application of clinical pharmacy, clinical hematology, blood bank techniques etc., organ function tests, clinical pathology, manifestation of diseases, drug or hospital acquired diseases, cautionary and advisory notes for drug therapy.
2. Basic concepts of pharmacotherapy:
a) Clinical pharmacokinetics and individualization of dosage regimen
b) Drug induced diseases
c) Adverse drug interaction
d) Clinical toxicology
3. Interpretation of common clinical laboratory tests
4. Pathophysiology & therapeutics:
i) Fluid and electrolyte disorders and shock
ii) Infectious diseases
iii) Cardio-vascular diseases
iv) Kidney and urinary tract disorders
v) Nervous system disorders
vi) Endocrine and reproductive disorders
5. Drug informationBooks recommended:1. Principle of Clinical Pharmacology- Atkinson.2. Workbook for Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics- Hart.3. Handbook of Clinical Research- Lloyd.4. Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics- Walker.

FOURTH YEAR, SECOND SEMESTER 

PHR 410 Advanced Pharmaceutical Analysis Credit 3 
1. Basic concept of cGMP, ISO-9000, ISO-9001, TQM,, SOP.
2. Quality control of raw materials, packaging materials, bulk product, finish product, weighing control, IPC.
3. Quality review and documentation, process and quality validation of equipments validation, regulatory control, regulatory drug analysis and interpretation of analytical data.
4. Ultra violet and infrared spectroscopy in structural analysis
5. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: 1HNMR spectroscopy: Introduction and theory, relaxation process, instrumentation, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, different spin systems, coupling constants, spin-spin decoupling, long range coupling; Two dimensional NMR spectroscopy, nuclear over hauser effect, 2D correlated (COSY) and 2D Nuclear over hauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY), HMBC, HMQC.
6. 13C NMR spectroscopy: Introduction, principle, chemical shift, spin-spin coupling, applications.
7. Mass spectroscopy: Introduction, theory, the mass spectrum, determination of molecular formula, ionization technique, recognition of molecular ion, fragmentation process, application.
8. Atomic absorption spectroscopy: Theory, instrumentation and application in quantitative analysis.
Books Receommended:1. Organic Structure for Spectra- L. D. Field, S. Sternhell, J. R. Kalman, 2"d edition, John Willey & Sons, New York, Singapore.2. Introduction to Spectroscopy- Donald L. Pavia., Gary M. Lampman, George S. Kriz, 3.1 edition, Books/ Cole, Thomson Learning. Dudley H. Williams, Ian3. Spectroscopic Methods in Organic Chemistry, Flemming, 5"' edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited.4. Interpretation of NMR Spectra: An Empirical Approach, Roy H. Bible, 5t" printing, Plenum Press, New York,5. One and Two Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy - Alta-UV Rahman, Elsevier, Amsterdem, Oxford, Newyork, Tokyo 1984.6. Introduction to Mass Spectrometry, H.C.Hill, 1966, Heyden & Son Limited.7. Interpretation of Mass Spectra, Fred W. McLafferly, 1967, W.A Benjamin Inc., New York. 

PHR 411 Pharmacology-III Credit 3 
1. Antiepileptic drugs: Phenytoin, toposide, toposidene, mephobarbitone, toposidene, valproic acid, toposiden, vegabatrin, benzodiazepines, trimathadone, toposide.
2. Immunosuppressive agent and gene therapy: Cytotoxic drugs, glucocorticoids, antibodies, specific T-cell inhibitors, gene modification, gene transfer, application.
3. Antiviral drugs-Anti-herpes virus, antiretro virus, anti-influenza virus, nonselective.
4. Antineoplastic drugs: Alkylating agents, antimetabolites, topo alkaloids, Taxanes antibiotics, toposide, toposiden, toposide.
5. Psychotropic and antidepressant drugs
6. Drugs affecting uterine contraction: Oxytocin, prostaglandin, ergot alkaloid.
7. Antifungal drugs: Amphotercin B,Flucytosine, Itracouzale, Keloconzole, Fluconazole, Nystatin, griseofulvin
8. Cholinergic and anticholinergic drugs.
9. Adrenergic and antiadrenergic drugs.
10. Hormone therapy: adenohypophyseal and adrenocorticosteroid hormone.
11. Ophthalmology: Anatomical consideration, corneal grafting, cataract formation, contact lens, drugs used in the treatment of eye disorders.
Books Recommended:1. Pharmaceutical Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gillman.2. Medical Pharmacology by A. Goth.3. Medical Pharmacology by Meyer.4. Medical Pharmacology by Katzung.5. Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics by R. S. Satosker.PHR 416 Pharmacology-III-Lab Credit 1
1. Determination of plasma proteins by the Biuret Method (Method of Reinhold).2. Determination of Paracetamol in Blood by colorometric method.3. Estimation of Cholesterol in Human blood by Enzymatic method.4. Estimation of Cholesterol in Human Blood by chemical method.5. Estimation of Aspirin in Human blood. 

PHR 412 Hospital and Community Pharmacy Credit 3 
A. Hospital pharmacy:
1. Introduction: Goals, Minimum standards, abilities required for a hospital pharmacist, hospital as an organization, classification, organizational patterns, management and administration, different departments and services, role of a pharmacist in the hospital, hospital pharmacy, organizational and personnel, supportive personnel, pharmacy education, job description.
2. Pharmacy and therapeutics committee: Description and purpose, membership and functions, Hospital formulary, guiding principles, legal basis, principles for admission or deletion of drugs, selection of text, investigational use of drugs, description, principles involved, classification, control, identification, role of hospital pharmacist, advisory committee.
3. Purchasing and inventory control: Purchasing agent, purchasing procedure, control on purchase, storage, perishable inventory, physical inventory, perpetual inventory.
4. Control of special classes of drugs: Use of samples, in-patient drug orders, out-patient prescriptions, ward stock drugs, label symbols, narcotics and their control, classes, procurement and execution of order forms, dispensing, hospital narcotic regulations, new systems, floor stock drugs, selection, charge and non-charge, labeling, regulations concerning narcotics, inspection of nursing drug cabinets.
5. Dispensing to in- and out-patients: Drug distribution systems, dispensing of charge, non-floor stock drugs, mobile dispensing unit, unit dose dispensing, new concepts, dispensing to out-patients, locality of out-patient dispensing area, dispensing routine, record keeping, dispensing during off-hours, use of nursing supervisors, emergency boxes and night drug cabinets, pharmacist-on-call, drug charges in hospitals, pricing, break-even point pricing.
6. Manufacturing bulk and sterile: Control and budget, manufacturing facility and capacity, operating costs, quality control.
B. Community Pharmacy
1. Definition and scope of community pharmacy
2. Organization inventory control and management of retail pharmacy business
3. Communication, counseling for patient compliance
4. Role of pharmacist in community health care and educationBooks recommended:1. Hospital Pharmacy- William E. Hasan, 5"' edition, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia.Textbook of Hospital Pharmacy- M. C. Allwood, J. T. Fell, Vt edition, 1980, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 

PHR 413 Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs Credit 2 
1. Regulations and laws governing the practices of pharmacy in Bangladesh (The Pharmacy Ordinance 1976).
2. Policies, sales, regulation and laws concerning to the manufacture, possession, distribution, sale of drugs and poisons:
The Drug Act 1940, The Poisons Act 1919 and related amendments, The drug ordinance 1982, The Drug Policy 1982, The Drug (control) ordinance 1982, The Narcotics (control) Act 1990, The drug policy 2006
3. Approval process, format and registration of pharmaceuticals in Bangladesh.
4. Rules and regulations for controlling poisons and narcotic materials in Bangladesh.
5. Control of drug advertisements and prices, patented and trade marked medicine, proprietary medicine, regulation of cosmetics and poison control.
6. Schedules of drugs and poisons.
7. Drug authority of Bangladesh: Functions and activities of Directorate of Drug registration methods in Bangladesh, Technical committee and Drug Control committee (DCC).

Books Recommended:
1. Pharmacy Ordinance, 1976. Ministry of Law and Parliamentary Affairs, Government of Bangladesh.
2. The Drugs (control) Ordinance, 1982, Ministry of Law and Land Reforms, Government of Bangladesh.
3. Drug Policy of Bangladesh, Ministry of Health and Population Control, Health Division, Government of Bangladesh.
4. A Textbook of Forensic Pharmacy by B.M Mithal.
5. Pharmacist's Code of Ethics, Pharmacy Council of Bangladesh.


Pharmacy Internship :PHR 406 Industrial Training Credit 1
At the end of fourth year, the students will undergo inplant training program for 4 weeks in Pharmaceutical Industries. After completion of the training program successfully the students will have to submit a report to the department.

Pharmacy Project :

PHR 414 Project Credit 2
A project/thesis work will be given to the students by the teachers of the department and a dissertation should be submitted by the students to the department after completing the project. The report will be evaluated by the examiners of related field.


Elective Courses outside major (Maximum 6 Credits) :

BTE 401 Bioinformatics credit 3
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes, structure, organization and function; Molecular evolution, Gene structure, genetic code and mutation; Biological databases- Primary sources of sequence and structure data; secondary data bases;
Sequence analysis for Molecular biology- primer selection, restriction mapping, protein sequence analysis; Sequence alignment- Scoring matrices- PAM and BLOSUM- Local and Global alignment concepts- dynamic programming methodology; Needlham Wunsch algorithm, Smith-Waterman algorithm; Statistics of alignment score; Multiple sequence alignment; Progressive alignment; Heuristic methods for data base searching- BLAST and FASTA; Phylogenic analysis- Evolutionery chnges in Nucleotide sequences,; Rates and pattern of nucleotide substirution; Methods for phylogenic estimation- Maximum parsimony, Distance Matrix Methods and Maximum Likelihood Methods; Functional Perl Programming for bioinformatics; String processing; Regular Expressions; Object oriented programming in Perl.

Suggested Readings

1. Baxevanis, A.D. Quellette, B.F.F. Bioinformatics
2. Mount, D.W. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome analysis
3. Gaur, D. Li, W-H. Fundamentals of Molecular evolution
4. Tisdall,J.D. Mastering Perl foe Bioinformatics
5. Claverie, J.M Notredamame, C. 2003. Bioinformatics for Dummies


HUM 101 World Civilization and Culture credit 3A brief view of the major civilizations and cultural aspects in different continents covering ancient, medieval and modern civilizations. Topics include renaissance, reformation, and the beginning of the modern world, scientific revolution, industrial revolution, the age of democratic revolutions, nineteenth century Europe, Asia-Pacific Region, Africa, World Wars, South Asia: colonization, decolonization and after; contemporary world: Cold War and after.

Suggested Readings
1. World Civilization: Bums & others
2. Civilization: T Walter Walbank and others
3. A History of World Civilization: J. E. Swain
4. Western Civilization: Robert E. Lerner & Standish Meachem
HUM 102 Introduction to Philosophy credit 3


Philosophy: Concept of philosophy; science and philosophy; religion, literature and philosophy; sources of knowledge: empiricism, rationalism and criticism; concepts of value, ethics and sources of ethical standards.

Suggested Readings

1. A Modern Introduction to Philosophy: P Edwards and A. Pap
2. Philosophy: R. J. Hirst
3. Introduction to Modern Philosophy: C.E.M. Joad
4. An Introduction to Philosophical Analysis: J. Hospers
5. An Outline of Philosophy: A. Matin
6. Introduction of Philosophy: T. W. Patrick
7. Living Issues in Philosophy : H.H. Titus


ECO 103 Principles of Economics credit 3A study of the fundamentals of micro and macroeconomics, nature and method of economics, individual markets, demand and supply, elasticity of demand and supply. Production and cost, market structures with special focus on perfect competition and monopoly, economic efficiency and market failure, determination of national income. The aggregate supply model, unemployment, inflation, unemployment-inflation trade-off, government budget and fiscal policy, money creation and monetary policy, business cycles, economic growth, theory of comparative advantage, free trade versus protection, balance of payments and exchange rate policies.

Suggested Readings

1. Economics: John Solman
2. Principles of Macroeconomics: Robert H Frank
3. Modern Economic Theory: K.K. Dewett
4. International Economics: Appleyard & Field


HUM 111 History of Science credit 3This course will present a general overview of the development of scientific knowledge from ancient to modern times. It will examine how our modern scientific worldview developed over the ages in the fields of astronomy, physics, biology, chemistry, medicine, geology and other science disciplines. Focus will be on significant discoveries, the major scientists responsible for these revolutions, and the interrelation between science and society over the centuries. The course will contain the following:
Science & philosophy, development of science in the ancient times, Greek & Egyptian science, science in the Orient, medieval science, science in the Islamic world, Western renaissance & industrialization, evolutionary theory, science in the modern ages. Science & religion, nature of scientific truth, validation of scientific theories.

Suggested Readings

1. Readers Guide to the History of Science: A. Hessenbruch
2. Scientific Laws, Principles, and Theories: a Reference Guide: Robert E Krebs
3. The History of Science: an Annotated Bibliography: G Miller
4. A Guide to the History of Science: a First Guide for the Study of the History of Science, with
5. Introductory Essays on Science and Tradition: G. Sarton
6. Knowledge & the World: Challenges Beyond the Science Wars: M. Cavrier, J. Roggenhofer, G. Kuppers & P. Blanclard
7. The Forgotten Revolution: How Science was Born in 300 BC and Why It Had to be Reborn: Lucio Russo
8. Hitlers Scientists: Science, War and the Devils Fact: J. Cornwell


SOC 401 Gender and Development credit 3Position & role of women in society, contemporary issues, analysis of various aspects of gender relations, gender discrimination, societal attitude, different forms of feminism, women in higher education, employment of women & discrimination, workplace harassment, contribution of women in development: world picture I position in Bangladesh.


Suggested Readings:

1. Women and Social Security: Progress Towards Equality of Treatment, 1990 Geneva International Labor Office: Anne- Marie Brocas, Anne-Marie Cailloux and Virgine Oget.
2. Impact of Women in Development Projects on Women Status and Fertility in Bangladesh, 1993, Dhaka, Development Researchers and Associates: M. Kabir, Rokeya Khatun, Ishrat Ahmed.
3. Integration of Women in Development: Why, When and How: Ester Boseup, Cristine Liljencrantz.
4. Women in the Third World: Gender Issue in Rural and Urban areas: Hants
5. Women, Man and Society: The Sociology of Gender: Allyn and Bacon, Claire M Renzetti, Daniel J Curran.
6. Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Class: the Sociology of Group Conflict and Change, London: Joseph F Healey